17.200.10 热、量热学 标准查询与下载

ASTM C1043-06(2010) 使用圆形线性加热源的护热板设计的标准实施规程

This practice describes the design of a guarded hot plate with circular line-heat sources and provides guidance in determining the mean temperature of the meter plate. It provides information and calculation procedures for: (1) control of edge heat loss or gain (Annex A1); (2) location and installation of line-heat sources (Annex A2); (3) design of the gap between the meter and guard plates (Appendix X1); and (4) location of heater leads for the meter plate (Appendix X2). A circular guarded hot plate with one or more line-heat sources is amenable to mathematical analysis so that the mean surface temperature can be calculated from the measured power input and the measured temperature(s) at one or more known locations. Further, a circular plate geometry simplifies the mathematical analysis of errors resulting from heat gains or losses at the edges of the specimens (see Refs (10, 11)). In practice, it is customary to place the line-heat source(s) in the meter plate at a prescribed radius such that the temperature at the outer edge of the meter plate is equal to the mean surface temperature over the meter area. Thus, the determination of the mean temperature of the meter plate can be accomplished with a small number of temperature sensors placed near the gap. A guarded hot plate with one or more line-heat sources will have a radial temperature variation, with the maximum temperature differences being quite small compared to the average temperature drop across the specimens. Provided guarding is adequate, only the mean surface temperature of the meter plate enters into calculations of thermal transmission properties. Care must be taken to design a circular line-heat-source guarded hot plate so that the electric-current leads to each heater either do not significantly alter the temperature distributions in the meter and guard plates or else affect these temperature distributions in a known way so that appropriate corrections can be made. The use of one or a few circular line-heat sources in a guarded hot plate simplifies construction and repair. For room-temperature operation, the plates are typically of one-piece metal construction and thus are easily fabricated to the required thickness and flatness. The design of the gap is also simplified, relative to gap designs for distributed-heat-source hot plates. In the single-sided mode of operation (see Practice C1044), the symmetry of the line-heat-source design in the axial direction minimizes errors due to undesired heat flow across the gap.1.1 This practice covers the design of a circular line-heat-source guarded hot plate for use in accordance with Test Method C177. Note 18212;Test Method C177 describes the guarded-hot-plate apparatus and the application of such equipment for determining thermal transmission properties of flat-slab specimens. In principle, the test method includes apparatus designed with guarded hot plates having either distributed- or line-heat sources. 1.2 The guarded hot plate with circular line-heat sources is a design in which the meter and guard plates are circular plates having a relatively small number of heaters, each embedded along a circular path at a fixed radius. In operation, the heat from each line-heat source flows radially into the plate and is transmitted axially through the test specimens. 1.3 The meter and guard plates are fabricated from a continuous piece of thermally conduc......

Standard Practice for Guarded-Hot-Plate Design Using Circular Line-Heat Sources

KS B 50075-2-2005 热量表.第2部分:试验方法

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Heat meters-Part 2:Test methods

DIN 51045-1:2005 固体热膨胀的测定.第1部分:基本原则

The standard specifies the basic rules for the determination of the thermal expansion of all types of solids between 20 and 1500 ?

Determination of the thermal expansion of solids - Part 1: Basic rules

JIS H 7851:2005 温度梯度下耐热性的测量方法

この規格は，航空機エンジン，ガスタービン，レシプロエンジン，加速器，電力用開閉装置などの高温にさらされる機器に使用される材料及びコーティング部材の，温度傾斜場での耐熱試験方法について規定する。

Testing method for heat resistance under temperature gradient

ASTM C1371-04a(2010)e1 用便携式放射仪确定接近室温材料的放射性标准试验方法

Surface Emittance Testing: Thermal radiation heat transfer is reduced if the surface of a material has a low emittance. Since the controlling factor in the use of insulation is sometimes condensation control or personnel protection, it is important to note that a low emittance will also change the surface temperature of a material. One possible criterion in the selection of these materials is the question of the effect of aging on the surface emittance. If the initial low surface emittance of a material is not maintained during service, then the long-term value of the material is diminished. This test method provides a means for comparative periodic testing of low emittance surfaces in the field. In this way the effects of aging on the reflective properties can be monitored. This test method can be used to measure the total hemispherical emittance with a precision of better than ±0.02 units, if some care is taken to avoid potential misapplications. (1) The emittances of the calibration standards shall have been obtained from accurate independent measurements of total hemispherical emittance. This test method shall not be used for specimens that are highly anisotropic or transparent to infrared radiation. This test method also shall not be used for specimens with significant thermal resistance (see 7.3.4).1.1 This test method covers a technique for determination of the emittance of typical materials using a portable differential thermopile emissometer. The purpose of the test method is to provide a comparative means of quantifying the emittance of opaque, highly thermally conductive materials near room temperature as a parameter in evaluating temperatures, heat flows, and derived thermal resistances of materials. 1.2 This test method does not supplant Test Method C835, which is an absolute method for determination of total hemispherical emittance, or Test Method E408, which includes two comparative methods for determination of total normal emittance. Because of the unique construction of the portable emissometer, it can be calibrated to measure the total hemispherical emittance. This is supported by comparison of emissometer measurements with those of Test Method C835 (1). 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Emittance of Materials Near Room Temperature Using Portable Emissometers

SNI 16-7061-2004 球形湿球温度计测量工作环境中温度指数特性

The measurement of work climates (hot) by wet bulb globe temperature index parameters

KS B 5304-2003 热量表

Heat meters

ASTM E1354-02 使用氧消耗量热仪的材料和产品的热和可见烟雾释放速率的标准测试方法

1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides for measuring the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external ignitor.1.2 This test method is used to determine the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion, and visible smoke development of materials and products.1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitant measurement of specimen mass loss rate, in combination with the heat release rate. Smoke development is measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product stream.1.4 Specimens shall be exposed to heating fluxes in the range of 0 to 100 kW/m2. External ignition, when used, shall be by electric spark. The value of the heating flux and the use of external ignition are to be as specified in the relevant material or performance standard (see X1.2). The normal specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The apparatus also contains provisions for vertical orientation testing; this is used for exploratory or diagnostic studies only.1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design purposes, or development and research. Examples of material specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.

Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

ASTM E1354-99 使用氧消耗量热仪的材料和产品的热和可见烟雾释放速率的标准测试方法

1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides for measuring the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external ignitor.1.2 This test method is used to determine the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion, and visible smoke development of materials and products.1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitant measurement of specimen mass loss rate, in combination with the heat release rate. Smoke development is measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product stream.1.4 Specimens shall be exposed to heating fluxes in the range of 0 to 100 kW/m2. External ignition, when used, shall be by electric spark. The value of the heating flux and the use of external ignition are to be as specified in the relevant material or performance standard (see X1.2). The normal specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The apparatus also contains provisions for vertical orientation testing; this is used for exploratory or diagnostic studies only.1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design purposes, or development and research. Examples of material specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.

Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

ASTM E2041-01 用Borchardt和Daniels法用差示扫描量热仪估算动力学参数的标准方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the kinetic parameters of activation energy, Arrhenius frequency factor, and reaction order using the Borchardt and Daniels treatment of data obtained by differential scanning calorimetry. This test method is applicable to the temperature range from 170 to 870 K (-100 to 600oC).1.2 This treatment is applicable only to smooth exothermic reactions with no shoulders, discontinuous changes, or shifts in baseline. It is applicable only to reactions with reaction order n

Standard Method for Estimating Kinetic Parameters by Differential Scanning Calorimeter Using the Borchardt and Daniels Method

ASTM E1952-98 通过调制温度差示扫描量热法测定热导率和热扩散系数的标准测试方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of thermal conductivity of homogeneous, non-porous solid materials in the range of 0.10 to 1.0 W/(K*m) by modulated temperature differential scanning calorimeter. This range includes many polymeric, glass, and ceramic materials. Thermal diffusivity, which is elated to thermal conductivity through specific heat capacity and density, may also be derived. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity can be determined at one or more temperatures over the range of 0 to 90176;C. 1.2 Electronic instrumentation or automated data analysis and reduction systems or treatments equivalent to this test method may be used. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity by Modulated Temperature Differential Scanning Calorimetry

ASTM E793-95 用差示扫描量热法测定熔融和结晶焓的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the enthalpy (heat) of fusion (melting) and crystallization by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).1.2 This test method is applicable to solid samples in granular form or in any fabricated shape from which an appropriate specimen can be cut, or to liquid samples that crystallize within the range of the instrument. Note, however, that the results may be affected by the form and mass of the specimen, as well as by other experimental conditions.1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from 120 to 600176;C. The temperature range can be extended depending upon the instrumentation used.1.4 This test method is generally applicable to thermally stable materials with well defined endothermic or exothermic behavior.1.5 Computer or electronic based instruments, techniques, or data treatment equivalent to those in this test method may also be used.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

ASTM E794-98 用热分析法测定熔化和结晶温度的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of melting (and crystallization) temperatures of pure materials by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). 1.2 This test method is generally applicable to thermally stable materials with well-defined melting temperatures. 1.3 The normal operating range is from -120 to 600176;C for DSC and 25 to 1500176;C for DTA. The temperature range can be extended depending upon the instrumentation used. 1.4 Computer or electronic based instruments, techniques, or data treatment equivalent to those in this test method may be used. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Melting and Crystallization Temperatures by Thermal Analysis

DS/CEN/CR 13582:2000 热量表安装 热量表选择、安装和操作的一些指南

When EN 1434 was being prepared, much useful information and practical advice concerning the choice and installation of heat meters was received. Though unsuitable for inclusion in the standard it is given here to help heat meter users.

Heat meter installation - Some guidelines for selecting, installation and operation of heat meters

ASTM D2766-95 液体和固体比热的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat capacity of liquids and solids. It is applicable to liquids and solids that are chemically compatible with stainless steel, that have a vapor pressure less than 13.3 kPa (100 torr), and that do not undergo phase transformation throughout the range of test temperatures. The specific heat of materials with higher vapor pressures can be determined if their vapor pressures are known throughout the range of test temperatures. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids and Solids

DIN-Fachbericht 85:2000 安装热量表. 热量表选择, 安装和操作准则; 德文版本CR 13582

Installing heat meters. Guidelines for selection, installation and operation of heat meters; German version CR 13582

CEN CR 13582-1999_ 热电偶安装. 用于选择、安装和操作热电偶的一些指南

1.1 General When EN1434 was being prepared, much useful information and practical advice concerning the choice and installation of heat meters was received. Though unsuitable for inclusion in the standard it is given here to help heat meter users. 1.2 Explanations of terms For the purposes of this report, in addition to the definitions in EN1434, the following terms and symbols apply 1.2.1 DH (network) District heating systems 1.2.2 Meter Heat (energy) meter 1.2.3 Water Sanitary water 1.2.4 Warm water Sanitary warm water 1.2.5 Make up liquid Liquid for refilling leakage of heat conveying liquid 1.2.6 Liquid Heat conveying liquid in a DH system.

Heat meter installation — Some guidelines for selecting, installation and operation of heat meters

ASTM E2009-99 用差示扫描量热法测定碳氢化合物氧化起始温度的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the oxidative properties of hydrocarbons by differential scanning calorimetry or pressure differential scanning calorimetry and is applicable to hydrocarbons, which oxidize exothermically in their analyzed form.1.2 Computer or electronic-based instruments, techniques, or data treatment equivalent to this test method may also be used.Note 1Users of this test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use.1.3 Test Method A A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is used at ambient pressure, for example, 0.1 MPa or one atmosphere of oxygen.1.4 Test Method B A pressure DSC (PDSC) is used at high pressure, for example, 3.5 MPa (500 psig) oxygen.1.5 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Oxidation Onset Temperature of Hydrocarbons by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

ASTM E2038-99(2004) 介电分析仪温度校准的标准试验方法

This test method permits interlaboratory comparison and intralaboratory correlation of instrumental temperature scale data. Dielectric analyzers are used to characterize a broad range of materials that possess dielectric moments. One of the desired values to be assigned by the measurement is the temperature at which significant changes occur in the properties of the test specimen. In order to obtain consistent results from one period of time to another and from one laboratory to another, the temperature signal from the apparatus must be calibrated accurately over the temperature range of interest.1.1 This test method covers the temperature calibration of dielectric analyzers over the temperature range from -100 to 300176C and is applicable to commercial and custom-built apparatus. The calibration is performed by observing the melting transition of standard reference materials having known transition temperatures within the temperature range of use. 1.2 Electronic instrumentation or automated data analysis and data reductions systems or treatment equivalent to this test method may be used. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be reported as the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Dielectric Analyzers

ASTM C1044-98(2003) 使用单面护热板设备或薄型加热器设备的标准规程

1.1 This practice covers the determination of the steady-state heat flow through the meter section of a specimen when a guarded-hot-plate apparatus or thin-heater apparatus is used in the single-sided mode of operation.1.2 This practice provides a supplemental procedure for use in conjunction with either Test Method C 177 or C 1114 for testing a single specimen. This practice is limited to only the single-sided mode of operation, and, in all other particulars, the requirements of either Test Method C 177 or C 1114 apply.Note 18212;Test Methods C 177 and C 1114 describe the use of the guarded-hot-plate and thin-heater apparatus, respectively, for determining steady-state heat flux and thermal transmission properties of flat-slab specimens. In principle, these methods cover both the double- and single-sided mode of operation, and at present, do not distinguish between the accuracies for the two modes of operation. When appropriate, thermal transmission properties shall be calculated in accordance with Practice C 1045.1.3 This practice requires that the cold plates of the apparatus have independent temperature controls. For the single-sided mode of operation, a (single) specimen is placed between the hot plate and the cold plate. Auxiliary thermal insulation, if needed, is placed between the hot plate and the auxiliary cold plate. The auxiliary cold plate and the hot plate are maintained at essentially the same temperature. Ideally, the heat flow from the meter plate is assumed to flow only through the specimen, so that the thermal transmission properties correspond only to the specimen.Note 28212;The double-sided mode of operation requires similar specimens placed on either side of the hot plate. The cold plates that contact the outer surfaces of these specimens are maintained at essentially the same temperature. The electric power supplied to the meter plate is assumed to result in equal heat flow through the meter section of each specimen, so that the thermal transmission properties correspond to an average for the two specimens.1.4 This practice does not preclude the use of a guarded-hot-plate apparatus in which the auxiliary cold plate may be either larger or smaller in lateral dimensions than either the test specimen or the cold plate.Note 38212;Most guarded-hot-plate apparatus are designed for the double-sided mode of operation (). Consequently, the cold plate and the auxiliary cold plate are the same size and the specimen and the auxiliary insulation will have the same lateral dimensions, although the thickness may be different. Some guarded-hot-plate apparatus, however, are designed specifically for testing only a single specimen that may be either larger or smaller in lateral dimensions than that auxiliary insulation or the auxiliary cold plate.1.5 This practice can be used for both low- and high-temperature conditions.1.6 This practice shall not be used when operating an apparatus in a double-sided mode of operation with a known and unknown specimen, that is, with the two cold plates at similar temperatures so that the temperature differences across the known and unknown specimens are similar.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Using a Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus or Thin-Heater Apparatus in the Single-Sided Mode