P02 经济管理 标准查询与下载

ASTM E1074-09 建筑物和建筑系统中资产净利润和净节省值的测量用标准实施规程

The NB (NS) method provides a measure of the economic performance of an investment, taking into account all relevant monetary values associated with that investment over the investor''s study period. The NB (NS) measure can be expressed in either present value or equivalent annual value terms, taking into account the time value of money. The NB (NS) method is used to decide if a given project is cost effective and which size or design for a given purpose is most cost effective when no budget constraint exists. The NB (NS) method can also be used to determine the most cost effective combination of projects for a limited budget; that is, the combination of projects having the greatest aggregate NB (NS) and fitting within the budget constraint. Use the NB method when the focus is on the benefits rather than project costs. Use the NS method when the focus in on project savings (that is, reductions in project costs).1.1 This practice covers a recommended procedure for calculating and interpreting the net benefits (NB) and net savings (NS) methods in the evaluation of building designs and systems. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Measuring Net Benefits and Net Savings for Investments in Buildings and Building Systems

ASTM E833-09a 建筑经济学标准术语

1.1 This terminology relates to the economic evaluation of building construction as used in other standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings, and it does not necessarily correspond to the terminology used in other areas of accounting and economics.

Standard Terminology of Building Economics

ISO/TS 15686-9:2008 建筑物和建筑资产.使用寿命计划.第9部分:使用寿命数据的评估指南

Buildings and constructed assets - Service-life planning - Part 9: Guidance on assessment of service-life data

DIN 276-1:2008 建筑成本.第1部分:建筑结构

This part of the standard deals with cost planning in building construction, in particular with the identification and classification of costs. It covers the direct costs of work performed for the new construction, conversion and modernization of buildings as well as the indirect costs involved; see DIN 18960 for specifications relating to the running costs of buildings. The standard defines terms to be used in cost planning; it specifies the distinctive features of costs, thus providing a basis on which comparisons of the results of such cost planning may be undertaken. Cost data identified in accordance with this standard may, when used for other purposes (e.g. payment of contractor's work, tax relief applications), be taken as input data for the necessary calculations. However, an evaluation of costs in terms of the relevant regulations lies outside the scope of this standard.

Building costs - Part 1: Building construction

BS ISO 15686-8:2008 房屋和建筑资产.工作寿命计划.参考工作寿命和工作寿命估算

Buildings and constructed assets - Service-life planning - Reference service life and service-life estimation

BS ISO 15686-5:2008 房屋和建筑资产.工作寿命计划.寿命周期成本

Buildings and constructed assets - Service life planning - Life cycle costing

DIN 18960:2008 建筑的用户成本

User costs of buildings

CJJ/T 115-2007 房地产市场信息系统技术规范

本规范适用于房地产市场信息系统的规划、实施和验收。

Technical code for real estate market information system

CECA/GC 1-2007 建设项目投资估算编审规程

本规程适用于新建、扩建、改建等建设工程的投资估算编制与审查。

Reading and editing regulations on estimations of investment in construction projects

CECA/GC 3-2007 建设项目工程结算编审规程

本规程适用于新建、扩建、改建等建设项目的工程结算的编制与审查。

Reading and editing regulations on construction project settlements

CECA/GC 2-2007 建设项目设计概算编审规程

本规程适用于新建、扩建、改建等项目概算的编审和调整。

Reading and editing regulations on design and budgetary estimate for construction projects

DIN 276-1 Berichtigung 1:2007 建筑物成本.第1部分:建筑物结构.对DIN 276-1-2006勘误

The project specifies the ascertainment and structure of costs for areas of construction. Included are the costs of construction, alteration and modernisation of buildings as well as other related costs. It defines terminology and distinguishing features and this provides the presumptions for the comparison of results of cost ascertainments, which are based upon results of planning and ingineering.

Building costs - Part 1: Building construction, Corrigenda to DIN 276-1:2006-11

ASTM E1765-07e1 利用分析体系过程(AHP)进行有关建筑物和建筑系统投资的多属性决策分析的标准实施规范

The AHP method allows you to generate a single measure of desirability for project alternatives with respect to multiple attributes (qualitative and quantitative). By contrast, life-cycle cost (Practice E 917), net savings (Practice E 1074), savings-to-investment ratio (Practice E 964), internal rate-of-return (Practice E 1057), and payback (Practice E 1121) methods all require you to put a monetary value on benefits and costs in order to include them in a measure of project worth. Use AHP to evaluate a finite and generally small set of discrete and predetermined options or alternatives. Specific AHP applications are ranking and choosing among alternatives. For example, rank alternative building locations with AHP to see how they measure up to one another, or use AHP to choose among building materials to see which is best for your application. Use AHP if no single alternative exhibits the most preferred available value or performance for all attributes. This is often the result of an underlying trade-off relationship among attributes. An example is the trade-off between low desired energy costs and large glass window areas (which may raise heating and cooling costs while lowering lighting costs). Use AHP to evaluate alternatives whose attributes are not all measurable in the same units. Also use AHP when performance relative to some or all of the attributes is impractical, impossible, or too costly to measure. For example, while life-cycle costs are directly measured in monetary units, the number and size of offices are measured in other units, and the public image of a building may not be practically measurable in any unit. To help you choose among candidate buildings with these diverse attributes, use AHP to evaluate your alternatives. Potential users of AHP include architects, developers, owners, or lessors of buildings, real estate professionals (commercial and residential), facility managers, building material manufacturers, and agencies managing building portfolios.1.1 This practice presents a procedure for calculating and interpreting AHP scores of a project''s total overall desirability when making building-related capital investment decisions. 1.2 In addition to monetary benefits and costs, the procedure allows for the consideration of characteristics or attributes which decision makers regard as important, but which are not readily expressed in monetary terms. Examples of such attributes that pertain to the selection of a building alternative (and its surroundings) are location/accessibility, site security, maintainability, quality of the sound and visual environment, and image to the public and occupants.

Standard Practice for Applying Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to Multiattribute Decision Analysis of Investments Related to Buildings and Building Systems

ASTM E1946-07 估算建筑物和建筑系统成本风险的标准实施规范

1.1 This practice covers a procedure for measuring cost risk for buildings and building systems, using the Monte Carlo simulation technique as described in Guide E 1369.1.2 A computer program is required for the Monte Carlo simulation. This can be one of the commercially available software programs for cost risk analysis, or one constructed by the user.

Standard Practice for Measuring Cost Risk of Buildings and Building Systems

ASTM E1185-07 建筑物和建筑系统中投资评价的经济方法选择用标准指南

1.1 This guide identifies types of building design and building system decisions that require economic analysis and recommends ASTM practices, adjuncts, and computer programs that may be used to implement the appropriate economic methods for each decision type.

Standard Guide for Selecting Economic Methods for Evaluating Investments in Buildings and Building Systems

ASTM E1121-07 建筑物和建筑物系统的投资回报率测量用标准实施规程

The payback method is part of a family of economic evaluation methods that provide measures of economic performance of an investment. Included in this family of evaluation methods are life-cycle costing, benefit-to-cost and savings-to-investment ratios, net benefits, and internal rates of return. The payback method accounts for all monetary values associated with an investment up to the time at which cumulative net benefits, discounted to present value, just pay off initial investment costs. Use the method to find if a project recovers its investment cost and other accrued costs within its service life or within a specified maximum acceptable payback period (MAPP) less than its service life. It is important to note that the decision to use the payback method should be made with care. (See Section 11 on Limitations.) 1.1 This practice provides a recommended procedure for calculating and applying the payback method in evaluating building designs and building systems.

Standard Practice for Measuring Payback for Investments in Buildings and Building Systems

ASTM E1369-07e2 建筑物和建筑系统经济评估中处理不确定性和风险的选择技术标准指南

Investments in long-lived projects such as buildings are characterized by uncertainties regarding project life, operation and maintenance costs, revenues, and other factors that affect project economics. Since future values of these variable factors are generally not known, it is difficult to make reliable economic evaluations. The traditional approach to project investment analysis has been to apply economic methods of project evaluation to best-guess estimates of project input variables as if they were certain estimates and then to present results in single-value, deterministic terms. When projects are evaluated without regard to uncertainty of inputs to the analysis, decision makers may have insufficient information to measure and evaluate the risk of investing in a project having a different outcome from what is expected. Risk analysis is the body of theory and practice that has evolved to help decision makers assess their risk exposures and risk attitudes so that the investment that is the best bet for them can be selected. Note 18212;The decision maker is the individual or group of individuals responsible for the investment decision. For example, the decision maker may be the chief executive officer or the board of directors. Uncertainty and risk are defined as follows. Uncertainty (or certainty) refers to a state of knowledge about the variable inputs to an economic analysis. If the decision maker is unsure of input values, there is uncertainty. If the decision maker is sure, there is certainty. Risk refers either to risk exposure or risk attitude. Risk exposure is the probability of investing in a project that will have a less favorable economic outcome than what is desired (the target) or is expected. Risk attitude, also called risk preference, is the willingness of a decision maker to take a chance or gamble on an investment of uncertain outcome. The implications of decision makers having different risk attitudes is that a given investment of known risk exposure might be economically acceptable to an investor who is not particularly risk averse, but totally unacceptable to another investor who is very risk averse. Note 28212;For completeness, this guide covers both risk averse and risk taking attitudes. Most investors, however, are likely to be risk averse. The principles described herein apply both to the typical case where investors have different degrees of risk aversion and to the atypical case where some investors are risk taking while others are risk averse. No single technique can be labeled the best technique in every situation for treating uncertainty, risk, or both. What is best depends on the following: availability of data, availability of resources (time, money, expertise), computational aids (for example, computer services), user understanding, ability to measure risk exposure and risk attitude, risk attitude of decision makers, level of risk exposure of the project, and size of the investment relative to the institution''s portfolio.1.1 This guide covers techniques for treating uncertainty in input values to an economic analysis of a building investment project. It also recommends techniques for evaluating the risk that a project will have a less favorable economic outcome than what is desired or expected. 1.2 The techniques include breakeven analysis, sensitivity analysis, risk-adjusted discounting, the mean-variance criterion and coefficient of variation, decision analysis, and simulation. 1.3 The techniques can be used with economic methods that measure economic performance, such as life-cycle cost analysis, net benefits, the benefit-to-cost ratio, internal rate of return, and payback.

Standard Guide for Selecting Techniques for Treating Uncertainty and Risk in the Economic Evaluation of Buildings and Building Systems

ASTM E1121-07e1 建筑物和建筑物系统的投资回报率测算的标准实施规程

The payback method is part of a family of economic evaluation methods that provide measures of economic performance of an investment. Included in this family of evaluation methods are life-cycle costing, benefit-to-cost and savings-to-investment ratios, net benefits, and internal rates of return. The payback method accounts for all monetary values associated with an investment up to the time at which cumulative net benefits, discounted to present value, just pay off initial investment costs. Use the method to find if a project recovers its investment cost and other accrued costs within its service life or within a specified maximum acceptable payback period (MAPP) less than its service life. It is important to note that the decision to use the payback method should be made with care. (See Section 11 on Limitations.) 1.1 This practice provides a recommended procedure for calculating and applying the payback method in evaluating building designs and building systems.

Standard Practice for Measuring Payback for Investments in Buildings and Building Systems

ASTM E1185-07e1 建筑物和建筑系统中投资评价的经济方法选择用的标准指南

Standard practices for measuring the economic performance of investments in buildings and building systems have been published by ASTM. A computer program that produces economic measures consistent with these practices is available. Discount Factor Tables has been published by ASTM to facilitate computing measures of performance for most of the practices. This guide can be used to: (1) identify types of building design and system decisions that require economic analysis; (2) match the technically appropriate economic methods with the decisions; and (3) locate the methods in the ASTM practices and adjuncts listed in Section 2. More than one method can be technically appropriate for many building decisions. Therefore the choice in practice of which technically appropriate economic method to use for evaluating a particular building decision will often depend on the perspective of the user. Some examples of factors that influence the user are: (1) ease of applying the methods, (2) level of familiarity of the user with the methods, (3) preference of the user for different methods, and (4) presence of budget limitations for the projects. This guide identifies some features and limitations of the methods that might influence users'' choices under varying conditions. 1.1 This guide identifies types of building design and building system decisions that require economic analysis and recommends ASTM practices, adjuncts, and computer programs that may be used to implement the appropriate economic methods for each decision type.

Standard Guide for Selecting Economic Methods for Evaluating Investments in Buildings and Building Systems

DIN 276-1:2006 高层建筑成本.第1部分:建筑物

This part of the standard deals with cost planning in building construction, in particular with the identification and classification of costs. It covers the direct costs of work performed for the new construction, conversion and modernization of buildings as the indirect costs involved; see DIN 18960 for specifications relating to the running costs of buildings. The standard defines terms to be used in cost planning; it specifies the distinctive features of costs, thus providing a basis on which comparisons of the results of such cost planning may be undertaken. Cost data identified in accordance with this standard may, when used for other purposes (e.g. payment of contractor's work, tax relief applications), be taken as input data for the necessary calculations. However, an evaluation of costs in terms of the relevant regulations lies outside the scope of this standard.

Building costs - Part 1: Building construction