P12 工程水文 标准查询与下载

BS 4088 Sec.1.2:1995 明渠流量的测量.测量稳定流速用的示踪稀释法.第1部分:总则

Measurement of liquid flow in open channels. Dilution methods. General

BS 3680-6:1995 明渠流量测量.第6部分:潮水流量测量

Summary of recommended methods of measurement of liquid flow in tidal channels. Describes the techniques for single or continuous measurements, and considers in detail the uncertainties in tidal flow measurement. Annexes describe tidal theory and a guide to selection.

Measurement of liquid flow in open channels - Guide to measurement of flow in tidal channels

ASTM D5129-95(2008) 使用收缩宽度法迂回测量明渠水流流量的标准试验方法

This test method is particularly useful to determine the discharge when it cannot be measured directly by some type of current meter to obtain velocities and with sounding weights to determine the cross section. Even under the best conditions, the personnel available cannot cover all points of interest during a major flood. The engineer or technician cannot always obtain reliable results by direct methods if the stage is rising or falling very rapidly, if flowing ice or debris interferes with depth or velocity measurements, or if the cross section of an alluvial channel is scouring or filling significantly. Under the worst conditions, access roads are blocked, cableways and bridges may be washed out, and knowledge of the flood frequently comes too late. Therefore, some type of indirect measurement is necessary. The contracted-opening method is commonly used on valley-floor streams.1.1 This test method covers the computation of discharge (the volume rate of flow) of water in open channels or streams using bridges that cause width contractions as metering devices. 1.2 This test method produces the maximum discharge for one flow event, usually a specific flood. The computed discharge may be used to help define the high-water portion of a stage-discharge relation. 1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water Indirectly by Using Width Contractions

ASTM D5089-95(2003) 用电磁电流仪测量明渠水流速度的标准试验方法

This test method is particularly used for measuring the velocity at a point in an open channel as part of a velocity-area traverse to determine the flowrate of water. To this end it should be used in conjunction with Test Method D 3858. A single axis probe with cosine response will suffice for most of these applications. This test method is also useful in applications where the velocity itself (rather than a volumetric flowrate) is the desired end product. 1.1 This test method covers the use of single-axis or dual-axis electromagnetic current meters for the measurement of water velocities in open channels.1.2 This test method covers only these components and appurtenances of portable open-channel current-meter systems, which are customarily required when an operator is in attendance.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Velocity Measurements of Water in Open Channels with Electromagnetic Current Meters

ASTM D5640-95(2008) 用于明渠水流量测量的溢流堰和斜槽的选择的标准指南

Each type of weir and flume possesses advantages and disadvantages relative to the other types when it is considered for a specific application; consequently, the selection process often involves reaching a compromise among several features. This guide is intended to assist the user in making a selection that is hydraulically, structurally, and economically appropriate for the purpose. It is recognized that not all open-channel situations are amenable to flow measurement by weirs and flumes and that in some cases, particularly in large streams, discharges may best be determined by other means. (See 6.2.2.)1.1 This guide covers recommendations for the selection of weirs and flumes for the measurement of the volumetric flow rate of water and wastewater in open channels under a variety of field conditions. 1.2 This guide emphasizes the weirs and flumes for which ASTM standards are available, namely, thin-plate weirs, broad-crested weirs, Parshall flumes, and Palmer-Bowlus (and other long-throated) flumes. However, reference is also made to other measurement devices and methods that may be useful in specific situations. 1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Selection of Weirs and Flumes for Open-Channel Flow Measurement of Water

ASTM D5089-95(2008) 有电磁电流仪的明渠水流速度测量的标准试验方法

This test method is particularly used for measuring the velocity at a point in an open channel as part of a velocity-area traverse to determine the flowrate of water. To this end it should be used in conjunction with Test Method D 3858. A single axis probe with cosine response will suffice for most of these applications. This test method is also useful in applications where the velocity itself (rather than a volumetric flowrate) is the desired end product.1.1 This test method covers the use of single-axis or dual-axis electromagnetic current meters for the measurement of water velocities in open channels. 1.2 This test method covers only these components and appurtenances of portable open-channel current-meter systems, which are customarily required when an operator is in attendance. 1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Velocity Measurements of Water in Open Channels with Electromagnetic Current Meters

ASTM D5130-95(2008) 使用比降面积法迂回测量明渠水流流量的标准试验方法

This test method is particularly useful for determining the discharge when it cannot be measured directly by some type of current meter to obtain velocities and with sounding weights to determine the cross section. Even under optimum conditions, the personnel available cannot cover all points of interest during a major flood. Field personnel cannot always obtain reliable results by direct methods if the stage is rising or falling very rapidly, if flowing ice or debris interferes with depth or velocity measurements. Under the worst conditions, access roads are blocked, cableways and bridges may be washed out, and knowledge of the flood frequently comes too late to obtain direct measurements of flow. Therefore, some type of indirect measurement is necessary. The slope-area method is a commonly used method.1.1 This test method covers the computation of discharge (the volume rate of flow) of water in open channels or streams using representative cross-sectional characteristics, the water-surface slope, and coefficient of channel roughness as input to gradually-varied flow computations. 1.2 This test method produces an indirect measurement of the maximum discharge for one flow event, usually a specific flood. The computed discharge may be used to help define the high-water segment of a stage-discharge relation. 1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurement of Water Indirectly by Slope-Area Method

ISO 9555-1:1994 明渠水流测量 用示踪剂稀释法测量稳定流 第1部分:总则

Concerns principles of the constant rate injection method and the sudden injection method (integration method), and the principles of injection, sampling and analysis which apply for all types of tracer. The tracers used and their concentrations should be compatible with the legislation of each country regarding the occasional and short-durations discharges of foreign substances into natural waters.

Measurement of liquid flow in open channels - Tracer dilution methods for the measurement of steady flow - Part 1: General

ASTM D5610-94(2008) 确定地下水流型初始条件的标准指南

Accurate definition of initial hydrologic conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling transient ground-water flow, because results of a simulation may be heavily dependent upon the initial conditions.1.1 This guide covers techniques and procedures used in defining initial conditions for modeling saturated ground-water flow. The specification of initial conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling ground-water systems. 1.2 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Defining Initial Conditions in Ground-Water Flow Modeling

ASTM D5610-94(2002) 确定地下水流型初始条件的标准导则

Accurate definition of initial hydrologic conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling transient ground-water flow, because results of a simulation may be heavily dependent upon the initial conditions.1.1 This guide covers techniques and procedures used in defining initial conditions for modeling saturated ground-water flow. The specification of initial conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling ground-water systems.1.2 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Defining Initial Conditions in Ground-Water Flow Modeling

ASTM D5541-94(2008) 明渠流量阶段排水关系确定的标准实施规程

This practice is particularly useful for determining the discharge at a gaging station or a location where discharge information is repeatedly needed. This practice is applicable only for open-channel flow conditions where channel hydraulics permit a stable relation between stage and discharge.1.1 This practice covers the development of a curve relating stage (elevation) to discharge. Standard test methods have been documented for measuring discharge and for measuring stage (see Practice D 3858, and Test Methods D 5129, D 5130, D 5243, D 5388, and D 5413). This practice takes the discharge and stage determined by each respective test method and shows a relation between them using a curved line. This curved line is called a stage-discharge relation or rating curve. 1.2 The procedures described in this practice are used commonly by those responsible for investigations of streamflow, for example, the U.S. Geological Survey, Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, and U.S Agriculture Research Service. For the most part, these procedures are adapted from reports of the U.S. Geological Survey. , 1.3 The procedures described in this practice apply only to simple freely flowing open-channel flow. Ratings for complex hydraulic conditions of extremely low slope channels using multiple-stage inputs, channels affected by man-induced regulation, or tidal conditions are not described. These types of ratings are described in detail in the documents listed in Footnotes 2 and 3. 1.4 This practice uses the results of current-meter discharge measurements or indirect discharge measurements and the corresponding measured stage to define as much of the stage-discharge relation curve as possible. A theoretical curve is developed for the full range of stage and discharge to shape the curve. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Developing a Stage-Discharge Relation for Open Channel Flow

ASTM D5614-94(2008) 用宽口堰测量明渠水流量的标准试验方法

Broad-crested weirs can be used for accurate measurements of a wide range of flow rates, but their structural simplicity and sturdiness make them particularly useful for measuring large flows under field conditions. Because they require vertical sidewalls, broad-crested weirs are particularly adaptable to rectangular artificial channels or to natural and artificial channels that can readily be lined with vertical sidewalls in the immediate vicinity of the weir. 1.1 This test method covers measurement of the volumetric flow rate of water in open channels with two types of horizontal broad-crested weirs: those having a square (sharp) upstream corner and those having a well-rounded upstream corner. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water with Broad-Crested Weirs

ASTM D5540-94a(2003) 用于在线水取样和分析的流量和温度控制标准规范

Sample conditioning systems must be designed to accommodate a wide range of sample source temperatures and pressures. Additionally, efforts must be made to ensure that the resultant sample has not been altered during transport and conditioning and has not suffered excessive transport delay. Studies have shown that sample streams will exhibit minimal deposition of ionic and particulate matter on wetted surfaces at specific flow rates (1–5). 4 5.1.1 To ensure that the physical and chemical properties of the sample are preserved, this flow rate must be controlled throughout the sampling process, regardless of expected changes of source temperature and pressure, for example, during startup or changing process operating conditions. The need to use analyzer temperature compensation methods is dependent on the required accuracy of the measurement. Facilities dealing with ultra-pure water will require both closely controlled sample temperature and temperature compensation to ensure accurate measurements. The temperature can be controlled by adding a second or trim cooling stage. The temperature compensation must be based on the specific contaminants in the sample being analyzed. In other facilities in which some variation in water chemistry can be tolerated, the use of either trim cooling or accurate temperature compensation may provide sufficient accuracy of process measurements. This does not negate the highly recommended practice of constant temperature sampling, especially at 25°C, as the most proven method of ensuring repeatable and comparable analytical results. A separate class of analysis exists that does not require or, in fact, cannot use the fully conditioned sample for accurate results. For example, the collection of corrosion product samples requires that the sample remain at near full system pressure, but cooled below the flash temperature, in order to ensure a representative collection of particulates. Only some of the primary conditioning criteria apply in this case, as in others. Temperature compensation is not applicable since the material being analyzed is not in a liquid state.1.1 This practice covers the conditioning of a flowing water sample for the precise measurement of various chemical and physical parameters of the water, whether continuous or grab. This practice addresses the conditioning of both high- and low-temperature and pressure sample streams, whether from steam or water. 1.2 This practice provides procedures for the precise control of sample flow rate to minimize changes of the measured variable(s) due to flow changes. 1.3 This practice provides procedures for the precise control of sample temperature to minimize changes of the measured variable(s) due to temperature changes. 1.4 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Flow Control and Temperature Control for On-Line Water Sampling and Analysis

ASTM D5609-94(2002) 地下水流动模拟中确定边界条件的标准导则

Accurate definition of boundary conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling ground-water flow systems. This guide describes the properties of the most common boundary conditions encountered in ground-water systems and discusses major aspects of their definition and application in ground-water models. It also discusses the significance and specification of boundary conditions for some field situations and some common errors in specifying boundary conditions in ground-water models.1.1 This guide covers the specification of appropriate boundary conditions that are an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling ground-water systems. This guide describes techniques that can be used in defining boundary conditions and their appropriate application for modeling saturated ground-water flow model simulations.1.2 This guide is one of a series of standards on ground-water flow model applications. Defining boundary conditions is a step in the design and construction of a model that is treated generally in Guide D 5447.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Defining Boundary Conditions in Ground-Water Flow Modeling

ASTM D5611-94(2002) 地下水流样品应用的灵敏度分析标准导则

After a model has been calibrated and used to draw conclusions about a physical hydrogeologic system (for example, estimating the capture zone of a proposed extraction well), a sensitivity analysis can be performed to identify which model inputs have the most impact on the degree of calibration and on the conclusions of the modeling analysis. If variations in some model inputs result in insignificant changes in the degree of calibration but cause significantly different conclusions, then the mere fact of having used a calibrated model does not mean that the conclusions of the modeling study are valid. This guide is not meant to be an inflexible description of techniques of performing a sensitivity analysis; other techniques may be applied as appropriate and, after due consideration, some of the techniques herein may be omitted, altered, or enhanced.1.1 This guide covers techniques that should be used to conduct a sensitivity analysis for a ground-water flow model. The sensitivity analysis results in quantitative relationships between model results and the input hydraulic properties or boundary conditions of the aquifers. 1.2 After a ground-water flow model has been calibrated, a sensitivity analysis may be performed. Examination of the sensitivity of calibration residuals and model conclusions to model inputs is a method for assessing the adequacy of the model with respect to its intended function. 1.3 After a model has been calibrated, a modeler may vary the value of some aspect of the conditions applying solely to the prediction simulations in order to satisfy some design criteria. For example, the number and locations of proposed pumping wells may be varied in order to minimize the required discharge. Insofar as these aspects are controllable, variation of these parameters is part of an optimization procedure, and, for the purposes of this guide, would not be considered to be a sensitivity analysis. On the other hand, estimates of future conditions that are not controllable, such as the recharge during a postulated drought of unknown duration and severity, would be considered as candidates for a sensitivity analysis. 1.4 This guide presents the simplest acceptable techniques for conducting a sensitivity analysis. Other techniques have been developed by researchers and could be used in lieu of the techniques in this guide. 1.5 This guide is written for performing sensitivity analyses for ground-water flow models. However, these techniques could be applied to other types of ground-water related models, such as analytical models, multi-phase flow models, non-continuum (karst or fracture flow) models, or mass transport models. 1.6 This guide is one of a series on ground-water modeling codes (software) and their applications, such as Guide D5447 and Guide D5490. Other standards have been prepared on environmental modeling, such as Practice E978. 1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or judgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicalbe in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been app......

Standard Guide for Conducting a Sensitivity Analysis for a Ground-Water Flow Model Application

ASTM D5609-94(2008) 确定地下水流型初始条件的标准指南

Accurate definition of boundary conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling ground-water flow systems. This guide describes the properties of the most common boundary conditions encountered in ground-water systems and discusses major aspects of their definition and application in ground-water models. It also discusses the significance and specification of boundary conditions for some field situations and some common errors in specifying boundary conditions in ground-water models.1.1 This guide covers the specification of appropriate boundary conditions that are an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling ground-water systems. This guide describes techniques that can be used in defining boundary conditions and their appropriate application for modeling saturated ground-water flow model simulations. 1.2 This guide is one of a series of standards on ground-water flow model applications. Defining boundary conditions is a step in the design and construction of a model that is treated generally in Guide D 5447. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Defining Boundary Conditions in Ground-Water Flow Modeling

ASTM D5611-94(2008) 地下水流样品应用的灵敏度分析标准指南

After a model has been calibrated and used to draw conclusions about a physical hydrogeologic system (for example, estimating the capture zone of a proposed extraction well), a sensitivity analysis can be performed to identify which model inputs have the most impact on the degree of calibration and on the conclusions of the modeling analysis. If variations in some model inputs result in insignificant changes in the degree of calibration but cause significantly different conclusions, then the mere fact of having used a calibrated model does not mean that the conclusions of the modeling study are valid. This guide is not meant to be an inflexible description of techniques of performing a sensitivity analysis; other techniques may be applied as appropriate and, after due consideration, some of the techniques herein may be omitted, altered, or enhanced.1.1 This guide covers techniques that should be used to conduct a sensitivity analysis for a ground-water flow model. The sensitivity analysis results in quantitative relationships between model results and the input hydraulic properties or boundary conditions of the aquifers. 1.2 After a ground-water flow model has been calibrated, a sensitivity analysis may be performed. Examination of the sensitivity of calibration residuals and model conclusions to model inputs is a method for assessing the adequacy of the model with respect to its intended function. 1.3 After a model has been calibrated, a modeler may vary the value of some aspect of the conditions applying solely to the prediction simulations in order to satisfy some design criteria. For example, the number and locations of proposed pumping wells may be varied in order to minimize the required discharge. Insofar as these aspects are controllable, variation of these parameters is part of an optimization procedure, and, for the purposes of this guide, would not be considered to be a sensitivity analysis. On the other hand, estimates of future conditions that are not controllable, such as the recharge during a postulated drought of unknown duration and severity, would be considered as candidates for a sensitivity analysis. 1.4 This guide presents the simplest acceptable techniques for conducting a sensitivity analysis. Other techniques have been developed by researchers and could be used in lieu of the techniques in this guide. 1.5 This guide is written for performing sensitivity analyses for ground-water flow models. However, these techniques could be applied to other types of ground-water related models, such as analytical models, multi-phase flow models, non-continuum (karst or fracture flow) models, or mass transport models. 1.6 This guide is one of a series on ground-water modeling codes (software) and their applications, such as Guide D 5447 and Guide D 5490. Other standards have been prepared on environmental modeling, such as Practice E 978. 1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may b......

Standard Guide for Conducting a Sensitivity Analysis for a Ground-Water Flow Model Application

ASTM D5613-94(2008) 使用染料示踪剂明渠测量行程时间标准试验方法

Purpose: This test method covers the use of fluorescent dye tracers in streams to determine the rate that a solute moves along a streamline for a given river reach and the rate at which a solute disperses as it moves downstream. Accurate measurements of a stream''s velocity and dispersion coefficient that can be determined by a tracer study are important parameters for water-quality models. Determined in advance to potential spilled or released noxious substances, velocity and dispersion rates are used to predict the time of arrival, passage time, and maximum concentration. Public health officials need this information to decide whether, when, and how long to suspend operations of public water-supply intakes in the reach downstream of a spill. Assumptions: This test method assumes that the dye tracer behaves in the same manner as the water in which it is injected. Dispersion and mixing of the tracer in the receiving river occur in all three dimensions of the channel. Longitudinal mixing is unending since boundaries do not exist in this direction. The tracer response curve at a point downstream from the point of tracer injection can be represented by plotting the tracer concentration against elapsed time since the injection (Fig. 1). A tracer response curve has four important characteristics: the elapsed time to the response curve''s leading edge; elapsed time to the response curve''s peak concentration; elapsed time to the response curve''s centroid; and elapsed time to response curve trailing edge at 2 % of the peak concentration. Between two monitoring locations separated by a long stream length, the time-of-travel for individual response curve characteristics is the difference in the elapsed times since injection for that characteristic at the two locations. The duration or time of passage of a tracer response curve at a particular river location is the difference between the slowest trailing edge elapsed time since injection and the earliest leading edge elapsed time since injection determined in the cross section. Tracers: Conservative tracers used to investigate fluid motion are generally extrinsic, artificial, and chemical substances and are usually classified according to the methods of detection used and chemical composition. Properties to be considered when selecting a tracer for a study include detectability, toxicity, solubility, cost, natural background concentration, and sorption characteristics. Fluorescent dye tracers such as Rhodamine WT, pontacyl pink, and acid yellow 7 are generally good chemical tracers. Rhodamine WT has the most numerous qualities preferred by many state and federal agencies for open-channel studies. Other tracers can be used when water-quality or physical conditions are not suitable for the use of fluorescent dyes in a proposed study reach. These include salt-based chemical tracers such as sodium chloride, radioactive tracers such as tritium, and tracers determined with neutron activation analysis such as bromine and lithium (3). These tracers are considered to be generally conservative and, in terms of this test method, differ primarily in the apparatus required to measure the concentrations in the study reach. Discussions in subsequent sections will be limited to fluorescent dye because of the simplicity of fluorometric analysis. Different tracers require varied levels of permits before being introduced into the environment. For example, radioactive tracers require permits from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and usually state and local permits. Fluorescent dye tracers do not usually require formal permits for use in a study.

Standard Test Method for Open-Channel Measurement of Time of Travel Using Dye Tracers

ISO 4363:1993 明渠中液体流量的测量.悬浮沉淀物的测量法

Measurement of liquid flow in open channels; methods for measurement of suspended sediment

BS 3680-2C:1993 明渠中液体流量的测量 稀释方法 使用化学示踪剂的测量方法

Deals with the use of chemical tracers in discharge measurements.

Measurement of liquid flow in open channels. Dilution methods. Methods of measurement using chemical tracers