P12 工程水文 标准查询与下载

BS 3680-2B:1993 明渠流量测量.第2部分:稀释法.第2B节:放射性示踪物测量方法

Deals with the techniques and problems which are particular to the use of radioactive tracers.

Measurement of liquid flow in open channels - Dilution methods - Methods of measurement using radioactive tracers

BS 3680-2D:1993 明渠中液体流量的测量 稀释方法 使用荧光示踪剂的测量方法

Deals with apparatus and methods for the use of tracers in discharge measurements by the dilution method.

Measurement of liquid flow in open channels. Dilution methods. Methods of measurement using fluorescent tracers

BS 3680-10E:1993 明渠中液体流量的测量 泥沙输送 砾石床材料的采样和分析

Specifies methods for sampling surface and subsurface gravel-bed material and the procedures to determine the size distribution of gravel-bed material in open channels.

Measurement of liquid flow in open channels. Sediment transport. Sampling and analysis of gravel bed material

ASTM D5413-93(2002) 开口水体中水位测量的标准试验方法

1.1 These test methods cover equipment and procedures used in obtaining water levels of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs or other water bodies. Three types of equipment are available as follows:Test Method A8212;Nonrecording water-level measurement devices Test Method B8212;Recording water-level measurement devices Test Method C8212;Remote-interrogation water-level measurement devices1.2 The procedures detailed in these test methods are widely used by those responsible for investigations of streams, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries, for example, the U.S. Agricultural Research Service, the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, and the U.S. Geological Survey. The referenced ISO standard also furnishes useful information.1.3 It is the responsibility of the user of these test methods to determine the acceptability of a specific device or procedure to meet operational requirements. Compatibility between sensors, recorders, retrieval equipment, and operational systems is necessary, and data requirements and environmental operating conditions must be considered in equipment selection.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Water Levels in Open-Water Bodies

ASTM D5490-93(2002) 地下水流型模拟与现场信息比较的标准导则

During the process of calibration of a ground-water flow model, each simulation is compared to site-specific information to ascertain the success of previous calibration efforts and to identify potentially beneficial directions for further calibration efforts. Procedures described herein provide guidance for making comparisons between ground-water flow model simulations and measured field data. This guide is not meant to be an inflexible description of techniques comparing simulations with measured data; other techniques may be applied as appropriate and, after due consideration, some of the techniques herein may be omitted, altered, or enhanced.1.1 This guide covers techniques that should be used to compare the results of ground-water flow model simulations to measured field data as a part of the process of calibrating a ground-water model. This comparison produces quantitative and qualitative measures of the degree of correspondence between the simulation and site-specific information related to the physical hydrogeologic system.1.2 During the process of calibration of a ground-water flow model, each simulation is compared to site-specific information such as measured water levels or flow rates. The degree of correspondence between the simulation and the physical hydrogeologic system can then be compared to that for previous simulations to ascertain the success of previous calibration efforts and to identify potentially beneficial directions for further calibration efforts.1.3 By necessity, all knowledge of a site is derived from observations. This guide does not address the adequacy of any set of observations for characterizing a site.1.4 This guide does not establish criteria for successful calibration, nor does it describe techniques for establishing such criteria, nor does it describe techniques for achieving successful calibration.1.5 This guide is written for comparing the results of numerical ground-water flow models with observed site-specific information. However, these techniques could be applied to other types of ground-water related models, such as analytical models, multiphase flow models, noncontinuum (karst or fracture flow) models, or mass transport models.1.6 This guide is one of a series of guides on ground-water modeling codes (software) and their applications. Other standards have been prepared on environmental modeling, such as Practice E 978.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Comparing Ground-Water Flow Model Simulations to Site-Specific Information

ASTM D5472-93(2005) 在控制井上测定比容和评定过滤系数的标准试验方法

Assumptions of the Theis (1) equation affect specific capacity and transmissivity estimated from specific capacity. These assumptions are given below: 4.1.1 Aquifer is homogeneous and isotropic. 4.1.2 Aquifer is horizontal, of uniform thickness, and infinite in areal extent. 4.1.3 Aquifer is confined by impermeable strata on its upper and lower boundaries. 4.1.4 Density gradient in the flowing fluid must be negligible and the viscous resistance to flow must obey Darcyrsquo;Law. 4.1.5 Control well penetrates and receives water equally from the entire thickness of the aquifer. 4.1.6 Control well has an infinitesimal diameter. 4.1.7 Control well discharges at a constant rate. 4.1.8 Control well operates at 100 percent efficiency. 4.1.9 Aquifer remains saturated throughout the duration of pumping. Implications of Assumptions and Limitations of Method. 4.2.1 The simplifying assumptions necessary for solution of the Theis equation and application of the method are never fully met in a field test situation. The satisfactory use of the method may depend upon the application of one or more empirical correction factors being applied to the field data. 4.2.2 Generally the values of transmissivity derived from specific capacity vary from those values determined from aquifer tests utilizing observation wells. These differences may reflect 1) that specific-capacity represents the response of a small part of the aquifer near the well and may be greatly influenced by conditions near the well such as a gravel pack or graded material resulting from well development, and 2) effects of well efficiency and partial penetration. 4.2.3 The values of transmissivity estimated from specific capacity data are considered less accurate than values obtained from analysis of drawdowns that are observed some distance from the pumped well.1.1 This test describes a procedure for conducting a specific capacity test, computing the specific capacity of a control well, and estimating the transmissivity in the vicinity of the control well. Specific capacity is the well yield per unit drawdown at an identified time after pumping started.1.2 This test method is used in conjunction with Test Method D 4050 for conducting withdrawal and injection well tests.1.3 The method of determining transmissivity from specific capacity is a variation of the nonequilibrium method of Theis () for determining transmissivity and storage coefficient of an aquifer. The Theis nonequilibrium method is given in Test Method D 4106.1.4 LimitationsThe limitations of the technique for determining transmissivity are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation and the simplifying assumptions of the Theis method.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not address safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Specific Capacity and Estimating Transmissivity at the Control Well

ASTM D5474-93(2006) 地下水调查数据元选择标准导则

Data are gathered at ground-water sites for many purposes. Each purpose requires a different combination of data elements. However, it is mandatory that every ground-water site include a minimum set of data elements to uniquely identify that site by precisely locating with coordinates and political regimes, absolutely identifying the owner and data source, and clearly defining the basic site characteristics. This information is described in Practice D 5254. As a part of a ground-water project, each site requires additional data elements, beyond the minimum set, to assist in the interpretation of the local and areal hydrology. As an example, for a hydrologic reconnaissance study of a ground-water basin, each well or spring site requires basic information concerning construction, water level, yield, geology, and water chemistry. Additional information is needed if the project is a waste facility investigation, usually to satisfy local, state, and federal environmental regulations.1.1 This guide covers the selection of data elements for the documentation of ground-water sites. The data elements are described in four ASTM standards outlining information that may be collected at ground-water sites. Examples of specific investigations are given with the logic of why to select individual and combinations of data elements to meet the requirements of the studies. Note 1A ground-water site is any source, location, or sampling station capable of producing water or hydrologic data from a natural stratum from below the surface of the earth. A source or facility can include a well, spring or seep, and drain or tunnel (nearly horizontal in orientation). Other sources, such as excavations, driven devices, bore holes, ponds, lakes, and sinkholes, that can be shown to be hydraulically connected to the ground water, are appropriate for the use intended.Note 2The four ASTM standards that describe the data elements for ground water are Practice D 5254 and Guides D 5408, D 5409, and D 5410.1.2 Systematic and consistent data collection are necessary for the investigation of the availability and the protection or restoration of ground-water resources. The level of detail, precision and bias, and the type of data that need to be collected depend on the objective of the study, the expected complexity of the system, and the resources available for the investigation. This guide presents ideas on what information should be collected for specific studies, why certain data elements are mandatory, and the importance to current and future investigations of maintaining quality control on the collection and retention of these data. This guide focuses on those data elements that are gathered at the field-site location and are used to assist in interpreting the hydrology of the ground-water source and to meet regulatory requirements. Other analytical and quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) considerations are addressed in other standards and beyond the scope of this guide.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the tit......

Standard Guide for Selection of Data Elements for Ground-Water Investigations

ASTM D5473-93(2006) 控制井部分渗透效应分析和无泄漏封闭蓄水层的水平和垂直液力传导性测定标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers an analytical solution for determining the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer by analysis of the response of water levels in the aquifer to the discharge from a well that partially penetrates the aquifer.1.2 Limitations8212;The limitations of the technique for determination of the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of aquifers are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation and the simplifying assumption of this test method.1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure for) Analyzing the Effects of Partial Penetration of Control Well and Determining the Horizontal and Vertical Hydraulic Conductivity in a Nonleaky Confined Aquifer

ASTM D5413-93(2007) 开口水体中水位测量的标准试验方法

These test methods are used to determine the gauge height or elevation of a river or other body of water above a given datum. Water level data can serve as an easily recorded parameter, and through use of a stage-discharge relation provide an indirect value of stream discharge, often at a gauging station. These test methods can be used in conjunction with other determinations of biological, physical, or chemical properties of waters. TEST METHOD A—NONRECORDING WATER-LEVEL MEASUREMENT DEVICES Top 1.1 These test methods cover equipment and procedures used in obtaining water levels of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs or other water bodies. Three types of equipment are available as follows:Test Method A-Nonrecording water-level measurement devices Test Method B-Recording water-level measurement devices Test Method C-Remote-interrogation water-level measurement devices1.2 The procedures detailed in these test methods are widely used by those responsible for investigations of streams, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries, for example, the U.S. Agricultural Research Service, the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, and the U.S. Geological Survey. The referenced ISO standard also furnishes useful information.1.3 It is the responsibility of the user of these test methods to determine the acceptability of a specific device or procedure to meet operational requirements. Compatibility between sensors, recorders, retrieval equipment, and operational systems is necessary, and data requirements and environmental operating conditions must be considered in equipment selection.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Water Levels in Open-Water Bodies

ASTM D5490-93(2008) 地下水流型模拟与现场信息比较的标准指南

During the process of calibration of a ground-water flow model, each simulation is compared to site-specific information to ascertain the success of previous calibration efforts and to identify potentially beneficial directions for further calibration efforts. Procedures described herein provide guidance for making comparisons between ground-water flow model simulations and measured field data. This guide is not meant to be an inflexible description of techniques comparing simulations with measured data; other techniques may be applied as appropriate and, after due consideration, some of the techniques herein may be omitted, altered, or enhanced.1.1 This guide covers techniques that should be used to compare the results of ground-water flow model simulations to measured field data as a part of the process of calibrating a ground-water model. This comparison produces quantitative and qualitative measures of the degree of correspondence between the simulation and site-specific information related to the physical hydrogeologic system. 1.2 During the process of calibration of a ground-water flow model, each simulation is compared to site-specific information such as measured water levels or flow rates. The degree of correspondence between the simulation and the physical hydrogeologic system can then be compared to that for previous simulations to ascertain the success of previous calibration efforts and to identify potentially beneficial directions for further calibration efforts. 1.3 By necessity, all knowledge of a site is derived from observations. This guide does not address the adequacy of any set of observations for characterizing a site. 1.4 This guide does not establish criteria for successful calibration, nor does it describe techniques for establishing such criteria, nor does it describe techniques for achieving successful calibration. 1.5 This guide is written for comparing the results of numerical ground-water flow models with observed site-specific information. However, these techniques could be applied to other types of ground-water related models, such as analytical models, multiphase flow models, noncontinuum (karst or fracture flow) models, or mass transport models. 1.6 This guide is one of a series of guides on ground-water modeling codes (software) and their applications. Other standards have been prepared on environmental modeling, such as Practice E 978. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Comparing Ground-Water Flow Model Simulations to Site-Specific Information

ASTM D5474-93(2012) 地下水调查数据元选择标准指南

1.1 This guide covers the selection of data elements for the documentation of groundwater sites. The data elements are described in four ASTM standards outlining information that may be collected at groundwater sites. Examples of specific investigations are given with the logic of why to select individual and combinations of data elements to meet the requirements of the studies. Note 1???A groundwater site is any source, location, or sampling station capable of producing water or hydrologic data from a natural stratum from below the surface of the earth. A source or facility can include a well, spring or seep, and drain or tunnel (nearly horizontal in orientation). Other sources, such as excavations, driven devices, bore holes, ponds, lakes, and sinkholes, that can be shown to be hydraulically connected to the groundwater, are appropriate for the use intended. Note 2???The four ASTM standards that describe the data elements for groundwater are Practice D5254 and Guides D5408, D5409, and D5410. 1.2 Systematic and consistent data collection are necessary for the investigation of the availability and the protection or restoration of groundwater resources. The level of detail, precision and bias, and the type of data that need to be collected depend on the objective of the study, the expected complexity of the system, and the resources available for the investigation. This guide presents ideas on what information should be collected for specific st......

Standard Guide for Selection of Data Elements for Groundwater Investigations

ASTM D5413-93(2013) 开口水体中水位测量的标准试验方法

4.1 These test methods are used to determine the gauge height or elevation of a river or other body of water above a given datum. 4.2 Water level data can serve as an easily recorded parameter, and through use of a stage-discharge relation provide an indirect value of stream discharge, often at a gauging station. 4.3 These test methods can be used in conjunction with other determinations of biological, physical, or chemical properties of waters. TEST METHOD A—NONRECORDING WATER-LEVEL MEASUREMENT DEVICES 1.1 These test methods cover equipment and procedures used in obtaining water levels of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs or other water bodies. Three types of equipment are available as follows: Test Method A—Nonrecording water-level measurement devices Test Method B—Recording water-level measurement devices Test Method C—Remote-interrogation water-level measurement devices 1.2 The procedures detailed in these test methods are widely used by those responsible for investigations of streams, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries, for example, the U.S. Agricultural Research Service, the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, and the U.S. Geological Survey.2 The referenced ISO standard also furnishes useful information. 1.3 It is the responsibility of the user of these test methods to determine the acceptability of a specific device or procedure to meet operational requirements. Compatibility between sensors, recorders, retrieval equipment, and operational systems is necessary, and data requirements and environmental operating conditions must be considered in equipment selection. 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Water Levels in Open-Water Bodies

ISO 9555-4:1992 明渠水流测量 用示踪剂稀释法测量稳定流 第4部分:荧光示踪剂

Describes the tracers used (fluorescein, rhodamine B, acid yellow 7, sulfo rhodamine B, pyranine, and rhodamine WT), the tracer measurement (principle, field measurement and laboratory measurements), environmental factors affecting tracers, techniques for tracer injection, sampling techniques, analysis and computation.

Measurement of liquid flow in open channels; tracer dilution methods for the measurement of steady flow; part 4: fluorescent tracers

ISO/TR 9212:1992 明渠水流测量 推移质测量方法

Reviews the current status of direct and indirect bedload measurement techniques. The methods are mainly based on size distribution of the bedload material, channel width, depth and flow velocity. Includes discussion of various types of sampling devices and site selection.

Measurement of liquid flow in open channels; methods for measurement of bedload discharge

ISO 9555-2:1992 明渠水流测量 用示踪剂稀释法测量稳定流 第2部分:放射性示踪剂

Describes the tracers used (bromine 82, tritium, iodine 131, indium 113 m, cesium 131, ytterbium 168), the tracer measurement (principle, field measurement and laboratory measurements), environmental factors affecting tracers, techniques for tracer injection, sampling techniques, estimation of uncertainties.

Measurement of liquid flow in open channels; tracer dilution methods for the measurement of steady flow; part 2: radioactive tracers

ISO 9555-3:1992 明渠水流测量 用示踪剂稀释法测量稳定流 第3部分:化学示踪剂

Describes the tracers used (iodide, lithium, chloride, chromium), the tracer measurement (principle, field measurement and laboratory measurements), environmental factors affecting tracers, techniques for tracer injection, sampling techniques, analysis and sources of error.

Measurement of liquid flow in open channels; tracer dilution methods for the measurement of steady flow; part 3: chemical tracers

BS 3680-11A:1992 明渠流量测量.第11部分:封闭管道中自由表面流量.第11A节:测量方法

Provides a synopsis of the methods of flow gauging that can be employed in closed conduits flowing part full and details the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods. To be read in conjunction with BS 3680-1

Measurement of liquid flow in open channels - Free surface flow in closed conduits - Methods of measurement

BS 3680 Pt.5:1992 明渠液体流量测量.第5部分:斜坡面积估算法

Method of determining liquid flow from observations of surface slope and cross-sectional area of channel. It is suitable for use under somewhat special conditions when direct measurement of discharge by more accurate methods, such as the velocity-area method , is not possible

Measurement of liquid flow in open channels. Slope area method of estimation

BS 3680-11B:1992 明渠流量测量.第11部分:封闭管道中自由表面流量.第11B节:测量设备安装和性能规范

To be read in conjunction with BS 3680-1

Measurement of liquid flow in open channels - Free surface flow in closed conduits - Specification for performance and installation of equipment for measurement of free surface flow in closed conduits

ISO 6416:1992 明渠水流测量 超声波(声波)法测量流量

Measurement of liquid flow in open channels; measurement of discharge by the ultrasonic (acoustic) method