13.080.20 土壤的物理特性 标准查询与下载

BS EN ISO 11508:2017 土壤质量 颗粒密度的测定

1   Scope This document specifies two methods for the determination of particle density of soils calculated from the mass and the volume of soil particles. The first method (4.1) is applicable to fine soil (<2 mm diameter) and the second method (4.2) is applicable to both porous and nonporous gravel and stones (>2 mm diameter). The particle density can be used for the calculation of the proportion of solids and of the porosity of soil layers in combination with the procedure given in ISO 11272.

Soil quality. Determination of particle density

DB23/T 2071-2018 富硒土壤评价要求

Selenium-enriched soil evaluation requirements

GOST ISO 16720-2018 土壤质量 通过冷冻干燥预处理样品以供后续分析

Soil quality. Pretreatment of samples by freeze-drying for subsequent analysis

ASTM D6067/D6067M-17 使用电子Piezocone透度计测试进行环境现场表征和水力传导率估算的标准实施规程

1.1 The electronic cone penetrometer test often is used to determine subsurface stratigraphy for geotechnical and environmental site characterization purposes (1).2 The geotechnical application of the electronic cone penetrometer test is discussed in detail in Test Method D5778, however, the use of the electronic cone penetrometer test in environmental site characterization applications involves further considerations that are not discussed. For environmental site characterization, it is highly recommended to use the Piezocone (PCPT or CPTu) option in Test Method D5778 so information on hydraulic conductivity and aquifer hydrostatic pressures can be evaluated. 1.2 The purpose of this practice is to discuss aspects of the electronic cone penetrometer test that need to be considered when performing tests for environmental site characterization purposes. 1.3 The electronic cone penetrometer test for environmental site characterization projects often requires steam cleaning the push rods and grouting the hole. There are numerous ways of cleaning and grouting depending on the scope of the project, local regulations, and corporate preferences. It is beyond the scope of this practice to discuss all of these methods in detail. A detailed explanation of grouting procedures is discussed in Guide D6001. 1.4 Cone penetrometer tests are often used to locate aquifer zones for installation of wells (Practice D5092/D5092M, Guide D6274). The cone test may be combined with direct push soil sampling for confirming soil types (Guide D6282/ D6282M). Direct push hydraulic injection profiling (Practice D8037/D8037M) is another complementary test for estimating hydraulic conductivity and direct push slug tests (D7242/ D7242M) and used for confirming estimates. Cone penetrometers can be equipped with additional sensors for groundwater quality evaluations (Practice D6187). Location of other sensors must conform to requirements of Test Method D5778. 1.5 This practice is applicable only at sites where chemical (organic and inorganic) wastes are a concern and is not intended for use at radioactive or mixed (chemical and radioactive) waste sites due to specialized monitoring requirements of drilling equipment. 1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or in-lb units (presented in brackets) are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Units for conductivity are either m/s or cm/s depending on the sources cited. 1.7 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.9 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and Vadose Zone Investigations. Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2017. Published February 2018. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D6067–10. DOI: 10.1520/D6067_D6067M-17. 2 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this guide. *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 1 

Standard Practice for Using the Electronic Piezocone Penetrometer Tests for Environmental Site Characterization and Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity

EN ISO 18674-3:2017 岩土工程勘察和试验.采用现场仪表的岩土工程监测.第3部分:随线位移测量:倾角仪

Geotechnical investigation and testing - Geotechnical monitoring by field instrumentation - Part 3: Measurement of displacements across a line: Inclinometers

KS F 2316-2017 使用增量加载的土的单维固结特性测试方法

Test method for one－dimensional consolidation properties of soils using incremental loading

EN ISO 11508:2017 土壤质量.粒子密度的测定

Soil quality - Determination of particle density

GSO ISO 18674-1:2017 岩土勘察和测试 现场仪器岩土监测 第1部分：一般规则

This part of ISO 18674 lays out the general rules for the performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground, of geotechnical fills, and of geotechnical works. NOTE ISO 18674 fulfils the requirements for general rules for the performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground, of geotechnical fills, and of geotechnical works as part of the geotechnical investigation and testing according to EN 1997-1 and EN 1997-2. Specifically, this part of ISO 18674 applies to field instrumentation and measurements carried out — in connection with site investigations of soils and rocks, — in connection with Observational Design procedures, — in connection with the performance of geotechnical structures before, during, and after construction, — for ground behaviour evaluation, e.g. unstable slopes, consolidation etc., — for the proof or follow-up of a new equilibrium within the ground, after disturbance of its natural state by construction measures (e.g. foundation loads, excavation of soil, tunnelling), — for the proof or follow-up of the stability, serviceability, and safety of structures and operations which might be influenced by geotechnical construction, — for perpetuation of evidence, and — for the evaluation and control of geotechnical works.

Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Geotechnical monitoring by field instrumentation -- Part 1: General rules

ISO 11508:2017 土壤质量.粒子密度的测定

Soil quality - Determination of particle density

ASTM D6528-17 细粒土壤固结不排水直接简单剪切试验的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method defines equipment specifications and testing procedures for the measurement of constant volume strength and stress-strain characteristics of cohesive soils after one-dimensional consolidation using a constant rate of simple shear deformation mode of loading. The constant volume condition is equivalent to the undrained condition for saturated specimens. 1.2 This test method is written specifically for devices that test rectangular parallelepiped or cylindrical specimens. Other more general devices, such as the torsional shear hollow cylinder, may be used to perform consolidated constant volume simple shear tests but are beyond the scope of this test method. 1.3 This test method is applicable to testing intact, laboratory reconstituted, and compacted soils, however, it does not include specific guidance for reconstituting or compacting test specimens. 1.4 It shall be the responsibility of the agency requesting this test to specify the magnitude of the vertical consolidation stress prior to constant volume shear and, when appropriate, the maximum vertical consolidation stress, which will result in an overconsolidated specimen. 1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method. 1.5.1 In the engineering profession it is customary practice to use, interchangeably, units representing both mass and force, unless dynamic calculations (F=Ma) are involved. This implicitly combines two separate systems of units, that is, the absolute system and the gravimetric system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine two separate systems within a single standard. This test method has been written using SI units; however, inch-pound conversions are given in the gravimetric system, where the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lb/ft3 should not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method. 1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. 1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/ recorded or calculated in this test standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this test standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design. 1.6.2 Measurements made to more significant digits or better sensitivity than specified in this standard shall not be regarded a nonconformance with this standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Standard Test Method for Consolidated Undrained Direct Simple Shear Testing of Fine Grain Soils

DB41/T 1417-2017 潮土质地构型空间推绎技术规程

Spatial deduction technical specification for texture configuration of fluvo-aquic soil

DB41/T 1418-2017 潮土表层机械组成空间预测技术规程

Technical specification for spatial prediction of mechanical composition of fluvo-aquic soil surface

DIN EN ISO 11272:2017 土壤质量 干容重的测定（ISO 11272:2017）；德文版 EN ISO 11272:2017

Soil quality - Determination of dry bulk density (ISO 11272:2017); German version EN ISO 11272:2017

ASTM D7928-17 使用沉淀（比重计）分析的细粒土壤的粒度分布（梯度）的标准测试方法

1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of the distribution of particle sizes of the fine-grained portion of soils. The sedimentation or hydrometer method is used to determine the particle-size distribution (gradation) of the material that is finer than the No. 200 (75-µm) sieve and larger than about 0.2-µm. The test is performed on material passing the No. 10 (2.0-mm) or finer sieve and the results are presented as the mass percent finer versus the log of the particle diameter. 1.2 This method can be used to evaluate the fine-grained fraction of a soil with a wide range of particle sizes by combining the sedimentation results with a sieve analysis resulting in the complete gradation curve. The method can also be used when there are no coarse-grained particles or when the gradation of the coarse-grained material is not required or not needed. NOTE 1—The significant digits recorded in this test method preclude obtaining the grain size distribution of materials that do not contain a significant amount of fines. For example, clean sands will not yield detectable amounts of silt and clay sized particles, and therefore should not be tested with this method. The minimum amount of fines in the sedimentation specimen is 15 g. 1.3 When combining the results of the sedimentation and sieve tests, the procedure for obtaining the material for the sedimentation analysis and calculations for combining the results will be provided by the more general test method, such as Test Methods D6913 (Note 2). NOTE 2—Subcommittee D18.03 is currently developing a new test method “Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils Combining the Sieve and Sedimentation Techniques.” 1.4 The terms “soil” and “material” are used interchangeably throughout the standard. 1.5 The sedimentation analysis is based on the concept that larger particles will fall through a fluid faster than smaller particles. Stokes’ Law gives a governing equation used to determine the terminal velocity of a spherical particle falling through a stationary liquid. The terminal velocity is proportional to the square of the particle diameter. Therefore, particles are sorted by size in both time and position when settling in a container of liquid. 1.5.1 Stokes’ Law has several assumptions which are: the particles are spherical and smooth; there is no interference between the particles; there is no difference between the current in the middle of the container and the sides; flow is laminar; and the particles have the same density. These assumptions are applied to soil particles of various shapes and sizes. 1.6 A hydrometer is used to measure the fluid density and determine the quantity of particles in suspension at a specific time and position. The density of the soil-water suspension depends upon the concentration and specific gravity of the soil particles and the amount of dispersant added. Each hydrometer measurement at an elapsed time is used to calculate the percentage of particles finer than the diameter given by Stokes’ Law. The series of readings provide the distribution of material mass as a function of particle size. 1.7 This test method does not cover procurement of the sample or processing of the sample prior to obtaining the reduced sample in any detail. It is assumed that the sample is obtained using appropriate methods and is representative of site materials or conditions. It is also assumed that the sample has been processed such that the reduced sample accurately reflects the particle-size distribution (gradation) of this finer fraction of the material. 1.8 Material Processing—Material is tested in the moist or as-received state unless the material is received in an air-dried state. The moist preparation method shall be used to obtain a sedimentation test specimen from the reduced sample. Airdried preparation is only allowed when the material is received in the air-dried state. The method to be used may be specified by the requesting authority; however, the moist preparation method shall be used for referee testing. 1.9 This test method is not applicable for the following soils: 1.9.1 Soils containing fibrous peat. 1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticity and Density Characteristics of Soils. Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published May 2017. Originally approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D7928 – 16ε1 . DOI: 10.1520/D7928-17 Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 1 1.9.2 Soils containing less than approximately 5 % of finegrained material (Note 1). 1.9.3 Soils containing extraneous matter, such as organic solvents, oil, asphalt, wood fragments, or similar items (Note 3). NOTE 3—If extraneous matter, such as wood, can be easily removed by hand, it is permissible to do so. However, there may be cases where the extraneous matter is being evaluated as part of the material and it should not be removed from the material. 1.9.4 Materials that contain cementitious components, such as cement, fly ash, lime, or other stabilization admixtures. 1.10 This test method may not produce consistent test results within and between laboratories for the following soils. To test these soils, this test method must be adapted and these adaptations documented. 1.10.1 Soils that flocculate during sedimentation. Such materials may need to be treated to reduce salinity or alter the pH of the suspension. 1.10.2 Friable soils in which processing changes the gradation of the soil. Typical examples of these soils are some residual soils, most weathered shales, and some weakly cemented soils. 1.10.3 Soils that will not readily disperse, such as glauconitic clays or some dried plastic clays. 1.11 Samples that are not soils, but are made up of particles may be tested using this method. The applicable sections above should be used in applying this standard. 1.12 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Except the sieve designations, they are identified using the “alternative” system in accordance with Practice E11, such as 3-in. and No. 200, instead of the “standard” of 75-mm and 75-µm, respectively. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as non-conformance with this test method. The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. 1.13 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method. 1.13.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data. 1.14 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.15 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Fine-Grained Soils Using the Sedimentation (Hydrometer) Analysis

BS EN ISO 11272:2017 土壤质量 干堆积密度的测定

Soil quality. Determination of dry bulk density

ASTM D6913/D6913M-17 使用筛分分析土壤粒径分布（梯度）的标准测试方法

1.1 Soils consist of particles with various shapes and sizes. This test method is used to separate particles into size ranges and to determine quantitatively the mass of particles in each range. These data are combined to determine the particle-size distribution (gradation). This test method uses a square opening sieve criterion in determining the gradation of soil between the 3-in. (75-mm) and No. 200 (75-µm) sieves. 1.2 The terms, soils and material, are used interchangeably throughout the standard. 1.3 In cases where the gradation of particles larger than 3 in. (75 mm) sieve is needed, Test Method D5519 may be used. 1.4 In cases where the gradation of particles smaller than No. 200 (75-µm) sieve is needed, Test Method D7928 may be used. 1.5 Typically, if the maximum particle size is equal to or less than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve), then single-set sieving is applicable. Furthermore, if the maximum particle size is greater than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve) and equal to or less than 9.5 mm (3⁄8-in sieve), then either single-set sieving or composite sieving is applicable. Finally, if the maximum particle size is equal to or greater than 19.0 mm (3⁄4-in sieve), composite sieving is applicable. For special conditions see 10.3. 1.6 Two test methods are provided in this standard. The methods differ in the significant digits recorded and the size of the specimen (mass) required. The method to be used may be specified by the requesting authority; otherwise Method A shall be performed. 1.6.1 Method A—The percentage (by mass) passing each sieve size is recorded to the nearest 1 %. This method must be used when performing composite sieving. For cases of disputes, Method A is the referee method. 1.6.2 Method B—The percentage (by mass) passing each sieve size is recorded to the nearest 0.1 %. This method is only applicable for single sieve-set sieving and when the maximum particle size is equal to or less than the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve. 1.7 This test method does not cover, in any detail, procurement of the sample. It is assumed that the sample is obtained using appropriate methods and is representative. 1.8 Sample Processing—Three procedures (moist, air dry, and oven dry) are provided to process the sample to obtain a specimen. The procedure selected will depend on the type of sample, the maximum particle-size in the sample, the range of particle sizes, the initial conditions of the material, the plasticity of the material, the efficiency, and the need for other testing on the sample. The procedure may be specified by the requesting authority; otherwise the guidance given in Section 10 shall be followed. 1.9 This test method typically requires two or three days to complete, depending on the type and size of the sample and soil type. 1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticity and Density Characteristics of Soils. Current edition approved April 15, 2017. Published May 2017. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D6913 – 04(2009)ε1 . DOI: 10.1520/D6913-17. Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 1 1.10 This test method is not applicable for the following soils: 1.10.1 Soils containing fibrous peat that will change in particle size during the drying, washing, or sieving procedure. 1.10.2 Soils containing extraneous matter, such as organic solvents, oil, asphalt, wood fragments, or similar items. Such extraneous matter can affect the washing and sieving procedures. 1.10.3 Materials that contain cementitious components, such as cement, fly ash, lime, or other stabilization admixtures. 1.11 This test method may not produce consistent test results within and between laboratories for the following soils and the precision statement does not apply to them. 1.11.1 Friable soils in which the sieving processes change the gradation of the soil. Typical examples of these soils are some residual soils, most weathered shales and some weakly cemented soils such as hardpan, caliche or coquina. 1.11.2 Soils that will not readily disperse such as glauconitic clays or some dried plastic clays. 1.11.3 To test these soils, this test method must be adapted, or altered, and these alterations documented. Depending on the design considerations, a specialized gradation-testing program could be performed. The alterations could require the washing and sieving procedures to be standardized such that each specimen would be processed in a similar manner. 1.12 Some materials that are not soils, but are made up of particles may be tested using this method. However, the applicable sections above should be used in applying this standard. 1.13 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method. 1.13.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design. 1.14 Units—The dimensional values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, such as 200-mm or 8-in. diameter sieve. Except, the sieve designations are typically identified using the “alternative” system in accordance with Practice E11, such as 3 in. and No. 200, instead of the “standard” system of 75 mm and 75 µm, respectively. Only the SI units are used for mass determinations, calculations, and reported results. However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. 1.15 A summary of the symbols used in this test method is given in Annex A1. 1.16 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.17 Table of Contents—All tables and figures appear at the end of this standard. Section Scope 1 Method A 1.6.1 Method B 1.6.2 Sample Processing 1.8 Units 1.14 Referenced Documents 2 ASTM Standards 2.1 Terminology 3 General 3.1 Definitions 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard 3.3 Summary of Test Method 4 Significance and Use 5 Apparatus 6 Sieves 6.1 Standard Sieve Set 6.1.1 Washing Sieve, No. 200 (75-µm) 6.1.2 Designated Separating Sieve 6.1.3 Washing Sink with Spray Nozzle 6.2 Mechanical Sieve Shaker 6.3 Balances 6.4 Drying Oven 6.5 Sieving Containers 6.6 Specimen Containers 6.6.1 Collection/Transfer Device 6.6.2 Cumulative Mass Container 6.6.3 Sieve Brushes 6.7 Miscellaneous Items 6.8 Splitter or Riffle Box (optional) 6.9 Quartering Accessories (optional) 6.10 Mortar and Rubber-Covered Pestle (optional) 6.11 Low Temperature Drying Oven (optional) 6.12 Ultrasonic Water Bath (optional) 6.13 Dispersion Shaker (optional) 6.14 Reagents 7 Sodium Hexametaphosphate 7.1 Dry Addition 7.1.1.1 Solution 7.1.1.2 Preparation of Apparatus 8 Verification of Sieves 8.1 Verification Interval 8.1.1 Verification of Mechanical Sieve Shaker and Standard Shaking Period 8.2 Large Mechanical Sieve Shaker 8.2.1 Verification Interval 8.2.2 Hand Sieve Shaking Procedure 8.2.3 Sampling 9 General 9.1 Sample Sources 9.2 Bulk Samples 9.2.1 Jar and Small Bag Samples 9.2.2 Intact Tube Samples 9.2.3 Samples from Prior Testing 9.2.4 Specimen 10 General 10.1 Minimum Mass Requirement 10.2 Selection of Sieving Procedure 10.3 Single Sieve-Set Sieving 10.3.1 Composite Sieving 10.3.2 Specimen Procurement 10.4 Moist Procedure 10.4.1 Air-Dried Procedure 10.4.2 Oven-Dried Procedure 10.4.3 Discussion on Segregating Soils 10.4.4 Specimen Procurement and Processing Requirements 10.5 D6913/D6913M − 17 2 Moist Procedure, Single Sieve-Set Sieving 10.5.1 Moist Procedure, Composite Sieving 10.5.2 Coarse Portion Acceptable Loss (CPL) 10.5.2.3 Air-Dried Procedure, General 10.5.3 Air-Dried Procedure, Single SieveSet Sieving 10.5.4 Air-Dried Procedure, Composite Sieving 10.5.5 Oven-Dried Procedure, General 10.5.6 Oven-Dried Procedure, Single SieveSet Sieving 10.5.7 Oven-Dried Procedure, Composite Sieving 10.5.8 Procedure (Sieving) 11 General 11.1 Mass Measurements 11.2 Sieve Overloading 11.3 Single Sieve-Set Sieving 11.4 Specimen Mass 11.4.1 Specimen Dispersion 11.4.2 Soaking without a Dispersant 11.4.2.1 Soaking with a Dispersant 11.4.2.2 Using an Ultrasonic Water Bath 11.4.2.3 Washing Specimen 11.4.3 General Precautions 11.4.3.1 Transfer Specimen 11.4.3.2 Washing 11.4.3.3 Transfer Washed Specimen 11.4.3.4 Dry Sieving 11.4.4 Sieve Set 11.4.4.1 Mechanical Shaking 11.4.4.2 Cumulative Material/Mass Retained 11.4.5 First Sieve 11.4.5.1 Remaining Sieves 11.4.5.2 Composite Sieving, Single Separation 11.5 Coarser Portion 11.5.1 Dispersing and Washing 11.5.1.1 Dry Sieving Coarser Portion 11.5.1.3 Subspecimen from Finer Portion 11.5.2 Dispersing and Washing Subspecimen 11.5.2.1 Dry Sieving Subspecimen 11.5.2.2 Composite Sieving, Double Separation 11.6 Separating 1st Subspecimen 11.6.1 Dispersing and Washing 2nd Coarser Portion 11.6.2 Dry Sieving 2nd Coarser Portion 11.6.3 2nd Subspecimen 11.6.4 Dispersing and Washing 2nd Subspecimen 11.6.4.1 Dry Sieving 2nd Subspecimen 11.6.4.2 Calculations 12 General 12.1 Sieve Overloading 12.2 Single Sieve-Set Sieving, Percent Passing 12.3 Composite Sieving, Mass of Specimen 12.4 Composite Sieving, Single Separation 12.5 Composite Sieving, Coarser Portion (CP) 12.5.1 CP, Percent Passing 12.5.1.1 CP, Composite Sieving Correction Factor (CSCF) 12.5.1.2 CP, Acceptable Loss During Washing and Sieving 12.5.1.3 Composite Sieving, Subspecimen (finer portion) 12.5.2 Percent Passing, Specimen (combined coarser and finer portions) 12.5.2.1 Subspecimen, Acceptable Fractional Percent Retained 12.5.2.2 Percent Passing, Acceptance Criterion 12.5.2.3 Finer Portion, Percent Passing (optional) 12.5.3 Composite Sieving, Double Separation 12.6 1st Coarser Portion 12.6.1 1st Subspecimen 12.6.2 Percent Passing, 2nd Coarser Portion 12.6.2.1 2nd Coarser Portion, Composite Sieving Correction Factor (2nd CSCF) 12.6.2.2 2nd Coarser Portion, Acceptable Loss on Sieving and Washing 12.6.2.3 2nd Coarser Portion, Acceptable Fractional Percent Retained 12.6.2.4 Percent Passing, Acceptance Criterion 12.6.2.5 2nd Subspecimen 12.6.3 Percent Passing, 2nd Subspecimen 12.6.3.1 2nd Subspecimen, Acceptable Fractional Percent Retained 12.6.3.2 Percent Passing, Acceptance Criterion 12.6.3.3 1st Finer Portion, Percent Passing (optional) 12.6.4 2nd Finer Portion, Composite Sieving Correction Factor (optional) 12.6.4.1 2nd Finer Portion, Percent Passing for 2nd Subspecimen (optional) 12.6.4.2 Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s) 13 Precision and Bias 14 Precision 14.1 Precision Data Analysis 14.1.1 Calculation of Precision 14.1.2 Acceptance Criterion 14.1.2.4 Triplicate Test Precision Data (TTPD) 14.1.3 TTPD-Method A Repeatability 14.1.3.1 TTPD-Method A Reproducibility 14.1.3.2 TTPD-Method B Repeatability 14.1.3.3 TTPD-Method B Reproducibility 14.1.3.4 Single Test Precision Data (STPD) 14.1.4 STPD-Method A Reproducibility 14.1.4.1 STPD-Method B Reproducibility 14.1.4.2 Soils Type 14.1.5 Discussion on Precision 14.1.6 Bias 14.2 Keywords 15 ANNEXES Symbols Annex A1 Sample to Specimen Splitting/Reduction Methods Annex A2 General A2.1 Mechanical Splitting A2.1.1 Quartering A2.1.2 Miniature Stockpile Sampling A2.1.3 Sample Processing Recommendation Based on Soil Type A2.2 Clean Gravel (GW, GP) and Clean Sand (SW, SP) A2.2.1 Gravel with Fines (GM, GC, GC-GM, GW-GM, GP-GM, GP-GC) A2.2.2 Sand with Silt Fines (SW-SM, SPSM, SM) A2.2.3 Sand with Clay and Silt Fines or Clay Fines (SW-SC, SP-SC, SC, SCSM) A2.2.4 D6913/D6913M − 17 3 Silts with Sand or Gravel, or Both (ML, MH) A2.2.5 Organic Soils with Sand or Gravel, or Both (OL, OH) A2.2.6 APPENDIXES Example Test Data Sheets/Forms Appendix X1 General X1.1 Precision: Example Calculations Appendix X2 General X2.1 TABLES and FIGURES 1.18 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis

ASTM D6938-17 核方法（浅埋深）的土壤和土壤集料的原位密度和含水量的标准测试方法

1.1 This test method describes the procedures for measuring in-place density and moisture of soil and soil-aggregate by use of nuclear equipment (hereafter referred to as “gauge”). The density of the material may be measured by direct transmission, backscatter, or backscatter/air-gap ratio methods. Measurements for water (moisture) content are taken at the surface in backscatter mode regardless of the mode being used for density. 1.1.1 For limitations see Section 5 on Interferences. 1.2 The total or wet density of soil and soil-aggregate is measured by the attenuation of gamma radiation where, in direct transmission, the source is placed at a known depth up to 300 mm (12 in.) and the detector(s) remains on the surface (some gauges may reverse this orientation); or in backscatter or backscatter/air-gap the source and detector(s) both remain on the surface. 1.2.1 The density of the test sample in mass per unit volume is calculated by comparing the detected rate of gamma radiation with previously established calibration data. 1.2.2 The dry density of the test sample is obtained by subtracting the water mass per unit volume from the test sample wet density (Section 11). Most gauges display this value directly. 1.3 The gauge is calibrated to read the water mass per unit volume of soil or soil-aggregate. When divided by the density of water and then multiplied by 100, the water mass per unit volume is equivalent to the volumetric water content. The water mass per unit volume is determined by the thermalizing or slowing of fast neutrons by hydrogen, a component of water. The neutron source and the thermal neutron detector are both located at the surface of the material being tested. The water content most prevalent in engineering and construction activities is known as the gravimetric water content, w, and is the ratio of the mass of the water in pore spaces to the total mass of solids, expressed as a percentage. 1.4 Two alternative procedures are provided. 1.4.1 Procedure A describes the direct transmission method in which the probe extends through the base of the gauge into a pre-formed hole to a desired depth. The direct transmission is the preferred method. 1.4.2 Procedure B involves the use of a dedicated backscatter gauge or the probe in the backscatter position. This places the gamma and neutron sources and the detectors in the same plane. 1.4.3 Mark the test area to allow the placement of the gauge over the test site and to align the probe to the hole. 1.5 SI Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in inch-pound units (ft – lb units) are provided for information only. 1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. 1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special and Construction Control Tests. Current edition approved March 1, 2017. Published March 2017. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D6938–15. DOI: 10.1520/D6938-17. *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 1 responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for In-Place Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)

EN ISO 11272:2017 土壤干容重的测定(ISO 11272:2017)

Soil quality - Determination of dry bulk density

ISO 11272:2017 土壤质量 干散密度的测定

This document specifies three methods for the determination of dry bulk density of soils calculated from the mass and the volume of a soil sample. The methods involve drying and weighing a soil sample, thevolumeofwhichis eitherknown[coremethod(see4.1)] ordetermined[excavationmethod(see4.2) and clod method (see 4.4)].

Soil quality - Determination of dry bulk density

ASTM D6938-17a 核方法（浅埋深）的土壤和土壤集料的原位密度和含水量的标准测试方法

1.1 This test method describes the procedures for measuring in-place density and moisture of soil and soil-aggregate by use of nuclear equipment (hereafter referred to as “gauge”). The density of the material may be measured by direct transmission, backscatter, or backscatter/air-gap ratio methods. Measurements for water (moisture) content are taken at the surface in backscatter mode regardless of the mode being used for density. 1.1.1 For limitations see Section 5 on Interferences. 1.2 The total or wet density of soil and soil-aggregate is measured by the attenuation of gamma radiation where, in direct transmission, the source is placed at a known depth up to 300 mm (12 in.) and the detector(s) remains on the surface (some gauges may reverse this orientation); or in backscatter or backscatter/air-gap the source and detector(s) both remain on the surface. 1.2.1 The density of the test sample in mass per unit volume is calculated by comparing the detected rate of gamma radiation with previously established calibration data. 1.2.2 The dry density of the test sample is obtained by subtracting the water mass per unit volume from the test sample wet density (Section 11). Most gauges display this value directly. 1.3 The gauge is calibrated to read the water mass per unit volume of soil or soil-aggregate. When divided by the density of water and then multiplied by 100, the water mass per unit volume is equivalent to the volumetric water content. The water mass per unit volume is determined by the thermalizing or slowing of fast neutrons by hydrogen, a component of water. The neutron source and the thermal neutron detector are both located at the surface of the material being tested. The water content most prevalent in engineering and construction activities is known as the gravimetric water content, w, and is the ratio of the mass of the water in pore spaces to the total mass of solids, expressed as a percentage. 1.4 Two alternative procedures are provided. 1.4.1 Procedure A describes the direct transmission method in which the probe extends through the base of the gauge into a pre-formed hole to a desired depth. The direct transmission is the preferred method. 1.4.2 Procedure B involves the use of a dedicated backscatter gauge or the probe in the backscatter position. This places the gamma and neutron sources and the detectors in the same plane. 1.4.3 Mark the test area to allow the placement of the gauge over the test site and to align the probe to the hole. 1.5 SI Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in inch-pound units (ft – lb units) are provided for information only. 1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. 1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special and Construction Control Tests. Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017. Published December 2017. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D6938–17. DOI: 10.1520/D6938-17A. *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 1 Copyright ASTM International --`,`,````,,````,``,,,``,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--2. Referenced Documents

Standard Test Methods for In-Place Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)