13.080.20 土壤的物理特性 标准查询与下载

KS I ISO 11271:2016 土壤质量 氧化还原电势的测定 现场试验

Soil quality－Determination of redox potential－Field method

KS I ISO 11271-2016(2021) 土壤质量氧化还原电位的测定电场法

Soil quality－Determination of redox potential－Field method

KS I ISO 11271-2016 土壤质量氧化还原电位的测定电场法

Soil quality－Determination of redox potential－Field method

GSO ISO 16720:2016 土壤质量 通过冷冻干燥对样品进行预处理以进行后续分析

This International Standard specifies a method for pretreatment of soil samples by freeze-drying for subsequent analysis. This International Standard is applicable to soil samples for subsequent determination of elements or organic compounds recognized as non-volatile under freeze-drying conditions. Generally, this International Standard can also be applied to samples from sludges and sediments. This method is also applicable as a first step for the determination of dry matter (or water) content, for instance in the case of samples with high water content.

Soil quality -- Pretreatment of samples by freeze-drying for subsequent analysis

ASTM D5607-16 在恒定正态力下进行岩石试样的实验室直接剪切强度试验的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method establishes requirements and laboratory procedures for performing direct shear strength tests on rock specimens under a constant normal load. It includes procedures for both intact rock strength and sliding friction tests, which can be performed on specimens that are homogeneous, or have planes of weakness, including natural or artificial discontinuities. Examples of an artificial discontinuity include a rock-concrete interface or a lift line from a concrete pour. Discontinuities may be open, partially or completely healed or filled (that is, clay fillings and gouge). Only one discontinuity per specimen can be tested. The test is usually conducted in the undrained state with an applied constant normal load. However, a clean, open discontinuity may be free draining, and, therefore, a test on a clean, open discontinuity could be considered a drained test. During the test, shear strength is determined at various applied stresses normal to the sheared plane and at various shear displacements. Relationships derived from the test data include shear strength versus normal stress and shear stress versus shear displacement (shear stiffness). NOTE 1—The term “normal force” is used in the title instead of normal stress because of the indefinable area of contact and the minimal relative displacement between upper and lower halves of the specimen during testing. The actual contact areas during testing change, but the actual total contact surface is unmeasurable. Therefore nominal area is used for loading purposes and calculations. NOTE 2—Since this test method makes no provision for the measurement of pore pressures, the strength values determined are expressed in terms of total stress, uncorrected for pore pressure. 1.2 This standard applies to hard rock, medium rock, soft rock, and concrete. 1.3 This test method is only applicable to quasi-static testing of rock or concrete specimens under monotonic shearing with a constant normal load boundary condition. The constant normal load boundary condition is appropriate for problems where the normal stress is constant along the discontinuity. The constant normal load boundary condition may not be appropriate for problems where shearing is dilatancy controlled and the normal stress is not constant along the discontinuity. 1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. 1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/ recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design 1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Performing Laboratory Direct Shear Strength Tests of Rock Specimens Under Constant Normal Force

ASTM D7928-16e1 使用沉淀（比重计）分析的细粒土壤的粒度分布（梯度）的标准测试方法

Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Fine-Grained Soils Using the Sedimentation (Hydrometer) Analysis

ASTM D7380-15 使用5-lb (2.3 kg) 动态圆锥贯入仪测定浅层土壤压实度的标准试验方法

5.1 The test method is used to assess the compaction effort of compacted materials. The number of drops required to drive the cone a distance of 3.25 in. (83 mm) is used as a criterion to determine the pass or fail in terms of soil percent compaction. 5.2 The device does not measure soil compaction directly and requires determining the correlation between the number of drops and percent compaction in similar soil of known percent compaction and water content. 5.3 The number of drops is dependent on the soil water content. Calibration of the device should be performed at a water content equal to the water content expected in the field. 5.4 There are other DCPs with different dimensions, hammer weights, cone sizes, and cone geometries. Different test methods exist for these devices (such as D6951) and the correlations of the 5-lb DCP with soil percent compaction are unique to this device. 5.5 The 5-lb DCP is a simple device, capable of being handled and operated by a single operator in field conditions. It is typically used as Quality Control (QC) of layer-by-layer compaction by construction crew in roadway pavement, backfill compaction in confined cuts and trenches, and utility pavement restoration work. Note 1: The quality of results produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of these factors. 1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the determination of the number of drops required for a dynamic cone penetrometer with a 5-lb (2.3-kg) drop hammer falling 20 in. (508 mm) to penetrate a certain depth in compacted backfill. 1.2 The device is used in the compaction verification of fine- and coarse-grained soils, granular materials, and weak stabilized or modified material used in subgrade, base layers, and backfill compaction in confined cuts and trenches at shallow depth. 1.3 The test method is not applicable to highly stabilized and cemented materials or granular materials containing a large percentage of aggregates greater than 1.5 in. (37 mm). 1.4 The method is dependent upon knowing the field water content and the user having performed calibration tests to determine cone penetration resistance of various compaction levels and water contents. 1.5 The values stat......

Standard Test Method for Soil Compaction Determination at Shallow Depths Using 5-lb (2.3 kg) Dynamic Cone Penetrometer

ASTM D6938-15 采用核法测定土壤和土壤集料的现场密度及含水量的标准试验方法 (浅层法)

4.1 The test method described is useful as a rapid, nondestructive technique for in-place measurements of wet density and water content of soil and soil-aggregate and the determination of dry density. 4.2 The test method is used for quality control and acceptance testing of compacted soil and soil-aggregate mixtures as used in construction and also for research and development. The nondestructive nature allows repetitive measurements at a single test location and statistical analysis of the results. 4.3 Density—The fundamental assumptions inherent in the methods are that Compton scattering is the dominant interaction and that the material is homogeneous. 4.4 Water Content—The fundamental assumptions inherent in the test method are that the hydrogen ions present in the soil or soil-aggregate are in the form of water as defined by the water content derived from Test Methods D2216, and that the material is homogeneous. (See 5.2) Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection, and the like. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. 1.1 This test method describes the procedures for measuring in-place density and moisture of soil and soil-aggregate by use of nuclear equipment. The density of the material may be measured by direct transmission, backscatter, or backscatter/air-gap ratio methods. Measurements for water (moisture) content are taken at the surface in backscatter mode regardless of the mode being used for density. It is the intent of this subcommittee that this standard replace D2922 and D3017. 1.1.1 For limitations see Section 5 on Interferences. 1.2 The total or wet density of soil and soil-aggregate is measured by the attenuation of gamma radiation where, in direct transmission, the source is placed at a known depth up to 300 mm (12 in.) and the detector(s) remains on the surface (some gauges may reverse this orientation); or in backscatter or backscatter/air-gap the source and detector(s) both remain on the surface. 1.2.1 The density of the test sample in mass per unit volume is calculated by comparing the detected rate of gamma radiation with previously established calibration data.

Standard Test Methods for In-Place Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)

GSO ISO/TS 17892-3:2014 土壤性质的测试和验证 土壤的实验室测试 第3部分：颗粒密度的测定 比质谱仪（比重瓶）法

This document describes a test method for determining the particle density by the pycnometer method within the scope of the geotechnical investigations according to prEN 1997-1 and prEN 1997-2. The pycnometer method is based on the determination of the volume of a known mass of soil by the fluid displacement method. The density of solid particles is calculated from the mass of the soil and the volume. The pycnometer method applies to soil types with particle sizes under 4 mm.

Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testingof soil - Part 3: Determination of particle density - Pycnometer method

GSO ISO/TS 17892-1:2014 测试和验证土壤特性 土壤实验室测试 第1部分：含水量的测定

This document specifies the laboratory determination of the water (moisture) content of a soil test specimen by oven-drying within the scope of the geotechnical investigations according to prEN 1997-1 and prEN 1997-2. The water content is required as a guide to classification of natural soils and as a control criterion in re-compacted soils and is measured on samples used for most field and laboratory tests. The oven-drying method is the definitive procedure used in usual laboratory practice. The practical procedure for determining the water content of a soil is to determine the mass of water removed by drying the moist soil (test specimen) to a constant mass in a drying oven controlled at a given temperature, and to use this value as the mass of water in the test specimen related to the mass of solid particles. The mass of soil remaining after oven-drying is used as the mass of the solid particles.

Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Laboratory testing of soil - Part 1: Determination of water content

GSO ISO/TS 17892-2:2014 测试和验证土壤特性 土壤实验室测试 第2部分：测定土壤细粒的密度

This document specifies methods of test for the determination of the bulk and dry density of intact soil or rock within the scope of the geotechnical investigations according to prEN 1997-1 and prEN 1997-2. The bulk density of a soil is useful in the determination of the in-situ overburden stresses at various depth (geostatic stresses). Furthermore, bulk and dry density can qualitatively describe the mechanical characteristics of a soil via empirical relationships which are to be found in the technical literature. Such relationships should be used only as guidelines and should be supplemented by direct measurements of the mechanical characteristics. This document describes three methods: a) linear measurements method; b) immersion in water method; c) fluid displacement method. The linear measurement method is suitable for the determination of the density of a specimen of cohesive soil of regular shape, including specimens prepared for other tests. The specimens used are normally in the form of either rectangular prisms or straight cylinders. The immersion in water method covers the determination of the bulk density and dry density of a specimen of natural or compacted soil by measuring its mass in air and its apparent mass when suspended in water. The method is employable whenever lumps of material of suitable size can be obtained. The fluid displacement method covers the determination of the bulk density and dry density of a specimen of soil by measuring mass and displacement of water or other appropriate fluid after immersion. The method is employable whenever lumps of material of suitable size can be obtained.

Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Laboratory testing of soil -- Part 2: Determination of density of fine-grained soil

GSO ISO/TS 17892-4:2014 土壤特性的测试和验证 土壤的实验室测试 第4部分：粒度分布的测定

This document describes methods for the determination of the particle size distribution of soil samples. The particle size distribution is one of the most important physical characteristics of soil. Classification of soils is mainly based on the particle size distribution. Many geotechnical and geohydrological properties of soil are related to the particle size distribution. The particle size distribution provides a description of soil, based on a subdivision in discrete classes of particle sizes. The size of each class can be determined by sieving and/or sedimentation. For soils with less than 10 % fines, the sieving method is applicable. Soils with more than 10 % fines can be analysed by a combination of sieving and sedimentation. Sieving is the process whereby the soil is separated in particle size classes by the use of test sieves. Sedimentation is the process of the setting of soil particles in a liquid. The difference in settling rate enables the particle size classes to be separated. Two sedimentation methods are described; the hydrometer method and the pipette method. The methods described are applicable to all non-cemented soils with particle sizes less than 125 mm. Depending on the purpose for the determination of the particle size distribution, pretreatment or correction for calcium carbonate, dissolved salts and/or organic matter can be required. The use of these methods should be stated in the laboratory report. Modern methods that incorporate detection systems using x-rays, laser beams, density measurements and particle counters are not covered by this document.

Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 4: Determination of particle size distribution

DIN EN ISO 11508:2014 土壤质量.粒子密度的测定

Soil quality - Determination of particle density (ISO 11508:1998); German version EN ISO 11508:2014

DIN EN ISO 11276:2014 土质.孔隙水压测定.土壤湿度计法

Soil quality - Determination of pore water pressure - Tensiometer method (ISO 11276:1995), German version EN ISO 11276:2014

DIN EN ISO 11272:2014 土壤质量.干散密度的测定

Soil quality - Determination of dry bulk density (ISO 11272:1998); German version EN ISO 11272:2014

NF X31-554:2014 土质. 颗粒密度的测定

La présente Norme internationale décrit deux méthodes de calcul de la masse volumique des particules constituant les sols à partir de la masse et de leur volume.La première méthode est applicable à la terre fine (< 2 mm de diamètre) et la deuxième méthode aux graviers et cailloux (> 2 mm de diamètre) poreux et non poreux.La masse volumique des particules peut être utilisée pour calculer la proportion du solide et la porosité des couches de sol en combinaison avec le mode opératoire donné dans l'ISO 11272.

Soil quality - Determination of particle density

NF X31-556:2014 土质. 干松密度的测定

La présente Norme internationale décrit trois méthodes de calcul de la masse volumique apparente des sols à partir de la mesure de la masse et du volume d'un échantillon de sol. Les méthodes consistent à sécher et peser un échantillon de sol, de volume connu (méthode du cylindre, voir 4.1) ou dont le volume doit être déterminé (méthode de l'excavation, voir 4.2, et méthode des mottes, voir 4.3).

Soil quality - Determination of dry bulk density

ASTM D7012-14e1 压力和温度变化状态下完整岩心试样的抗压强度和弹性模量的标准试验方法

1.1 These four test methods cover the determination of the strength of intact rock core specimens in uniaxial and triaxial compression. Methods A and B determine the triaxial compressive strength at different pressures and Methods C and D determine the unconfined, uniaxial strength. 1.2 Methods A and B can be used to determine the angle of internal friction, angle of shearing resistance, and cohesion intercept. 1.3 Methods B and D specify the apparatus, instrumentation, and procedures for determining the stressaxial strain and the stress-lateral strain curves, as well as Young’s modulus, E, and Poisson’s ratio, υ. These methods make no provision for pore pressure measurements and specimens are undrained (platens are not vented). Thus, the strength values determined are in terms of total stress and are not corrected for pore pressures. These test methods do not include the procedures necessary to obtain a stress-strain curve beyond the ultimate strength. 1.4 Option A allows for testing at different temperatures and can be applied to any of the test methods, if requested. 1.5 This standard replaces and combines the following Standard Test Methods: D2664 Triaxial Compressive Strength of Undrained Rock Core Specimens Without Pore Pressure Measurements; D5407 Elastic Moduli of Undrained Rock Core Specimens in Triaxial Compression Without Pore Pressure Measurements; D2938 Unconfined Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens; and D3148 Elastic Moduli of Intact Rock Core Specimens in Uniaxial Compression. The original four standards are now referred to as Methods in this standard. 1.5.1 Method A: Triaxial Compressive Strength of Undrained Rock Core Specimens Without Pore Pressure Measurements. 1.5.1.1 Method A is used for obtaining strength determinations. Strain is not typically measured; therefore a stress-strain curve is not produced. 1.5.2 Method B: Elastic Moduli of Undrained Rock Core Specimens in Triaxial Compression Without Pore Pressure Measurements. 1.5.3 Method C: Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens. 1.5.3.1 Method C is used for obtaining strength determinations. Strain is not typically measured; therefore a stress-strain curve is not produced. 1.5.4 Method D: Elastic Moduli of Intact Rock Core Specimens in Uniaxial Compression. 1.5.5 Option A: Temperature Variation—Applies to any of the methods and allows for testing at temperatures above or below room temperature. 1.6 For an isotropic material in Test Methods B and D, the relation between the shear and bulk moduli and Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio are: G 5 E 2~11υ! (1) K 5 E 3~1 2 2υ! (2) where: G = shear modulus, K = bulk modulus, E = Young’s modulus, and υ = Poisson’s ratio. 1.6.1 The engineering applicability of these equations decreases with increasing anisotropy of the rock. It is desirable to conduct tests in the plane of foliation, cleavage or bedding and at right angles to it to determine the degree of anisotropy. It is noted that equations developed for isotropic materials may give 1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics. Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published June 2014. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7012 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/D7012-14E01. *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 1 only approximate calculated results if the difference in elastic moduli in two orthogonal directions is greater than 10 % for a given stress level. NOTE 1—Elastic moduli measured by sonic methods (Test Method D2845) may often be employed as a preliminary measure of anisotropy. 1.7 Test Methods B and D for determining the elastic constants do not apply to rocks that undergo significant inelastic strains during the test, such as potash and salt. The elastic moduli for such rocks should be determined from unload-reload cycles that are not covered by these test methods. 1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.9 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. 1.9.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/ recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design. 1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength and Elastic Moduli of Intact Rock Core Specimens under Varying States of Stress and Temperatures

EN ISO 11272:2014 土壤干容重的测定

Diese Internationale Norm beschreibt drei Verfahren fur die Bestimmung der Trockenrohdichte von Boden, berechnet aus der Masse und dem Volumen einer Bodenprobe. Diese drei Verfahren umfassen die Trocknung und Wagung einer Bodenprobe, deren Volumen entweder bekannt ist (Stechzylinderverfahren, siehe 4.1) oder bestimmt werden muss (Aushubverfahren, siehe 4.2, und Klumpenverfahren, siehe 4.3).

Soil quality - Determination of dry bulk density (ISO 11272:1998)

EN ISO 11508:2014 土壤质量.粒子密度的测定(ISO 11508:1998)

Diese Internationale Norm beschreibt zwei Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Kornrohdichte von Boden mittels Berechnung aus der Masse und dem Volumen von Bodenpartikeln. Das erste Verfahren (4.1) ist anwendbar auf Feinboden (< 2 mm Durchmesser), und das zweite Verfahren (4.2) ist anwendbar auf Boden, mit porosen und nichtporosen Kies- und Steinanteil (> 2 mm Durchmesser). Die Kornrohdichte kann zur Berechnung des Anteils fester Substanz und der Porositat von Bodenschichten in Verbindung mit dem Verfahren nach ISO 11272 verwendet werden.

Soil quality - Determination of particle density