17.200.10 热、量热学 标准查询与下载

ASTM E1897-97(2010) 用红外成像辐射计测量和补偿衰减介质透射率的标准试验方法

1.1 These test methods cover procedures for measuring and compensating for transmittance when using an infrared imaging radiometer to measure the temperature of a specimen through an attenuating medium, such as a window, filter or atmosphere. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 These test methods may involve use of equipment and materials in the presence of heated or electrically-energized equipment, or both. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Measuring and Compensating for Transmittance of an Attenuating Medium Using Infrared Imaging Radiometers

ASTM E1354-10a 使用耗氧量热计测定材料和产品的热和可见烟释放速率的标准试验方法

This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving products of the test material. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and smoke production. These properties are determined on small size specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use. This test method is applicable to various categories of products and is not limited to representing a single fire scenario. Additional guidance for testing is given in X1.2.3 and X1.11. This test method is not applicable to end-use products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces.1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides for measuring the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external ignitor. 1.2 This test method is used to determine the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion, and visible smoke development of materials and products. 1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitant measurement of specimen mass loss rate, in combination with the heat release rate. Smoke development is measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product stream. 1.4 Specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxes in the range of 0 to 100 kW/m2. External ignition, when used, shall be by electric spark. The value of the initial test heat flux and the use of external ignition are to be as specified in the relevant material or performance standard (see X1.2). The normal specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The apparatus also contains provisions for vertical orientation testing; this is used for exploratory or diagnostic studies only. 1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming. 1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design purposes, or development and research. Examples of material specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.

Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

ASTM C177-10 使用单面护热板设备测量稳态热通量和热传导特性的标准试验方法

This test method covers the measurement of heat flux and associated test conditions for flat specimens. The guarded-hot-plate apparatus is generally used to measure steady-state heat flux through materials having a “low” thermal conductivity and commonly denoted as “thermal insulators.” Acceptable measurement accuracy requires a specimen geometry with a large ratio of area to thickness. Two specimens are selected with their thickness, areas, and densities as identical as possible, and one specimen is placed on each side of the guarded-hot-plate. The faces of the specimens opposite the guarded-hot-plate and primary guard are placed in contact with the surfaces of the cold surface assemblies. Steady-state heat transmission through thermal insulators is not easily measured, even at room temperature. This is because heat may be transmitted through a specimen by any or all of three separate modes of heat transfer (radiation, conduction, and convection); any inhomogeneity or anisotropy in the specimen may require special experimental precautions to measure that flow of heat; hours or even days may be required to achieve the thermal steady-state; no guarding system can be constructed to force the metered heat to pass only through the test area of insulation specimen being measured; moisture content within the material may cause transient behaviour; and physical or chemical change in the material with time or environmental condition may permanently alter the specimen. Application of this test method on different test insulations requires that the designer make choices in the design selection of materials of construction and measurement and control systems. Thus there may be different designs for the guarded-hot-plate apparatus when used at ambient versus cryogenic or high temperatures. Test thickness, temperature range, temperature difference range, ambient conditions and other system parameters must also be selected during the design phase. Annex A1 is referenced to the user, which addresses such issues as limitations of the apparatus, thickness measurement considerations and measurement uncertainties, all of which must be considered in the design and operation of the apparatus. Apparatus constructed and operated in accordance with this test method should be capable of accurate measurements for its design range of application. Since this test method is applicable to a wide range of specimen characteristics, test conditions, and apparatus design, it is impractical to give an all-inclusive statement of precision and bias for the test method. Analysis of the specific apparatus used is required to specify a precision and bias for the reported results. For this reason, conformance with the test method requires that the user must estimate and report the uncertainty of the results under the reported test conditions. Qualification of a new apparatus. When a new or modified design is developed, tests shall be conducted on at least two materials of known thermal stability and having verified or calibrated properties traceable to a national standards laboratory. Tests shall be conducted for at least two sets of temperature conditions that cover the operating range for the apparatus. If the differences between the test results and the national standards laboratory characterization are determined to be significant, then the source of the error shall, if possible, be identified. Only after successful comparison with the certified samples, can the apparatus claim conformance with this test method. It is recommended that checks be continued on a periodic basis to confirm continued conformance of the apparatus. The thermal transmission properties of a specimen of material: may vary due to the com..........

Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus

ASTM F2625-10 用差示扫描量热法测量超高分子量聚乙烯的焓点,百分比晶度和熔点的标准试验方法

The crystallinity of UHMWPE will influence its mechanical properties, such as creep and stiffness. The reported crystallinity will depend on the integration range used to determine the heat of fusion, and the theoretical heat of fusion of 100 % crystalline polyethylene used to calculate the percent crystallinity in an unknown specimen. Differential scanning calorimetry is an effective means of accurately measuring both heat of fusion and melting temperature. This test method is useful for both process control and research.1.1 This test method discusses the measurement of the heat of fusion and the melting point of ultra-high-molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), and the subsequent calculation of the percentage of crystallinity.1.2 This test method can be used for UHMWPE in powder form, consolidated form, finished product, or a used product. It can also be used for irradiated or chemically-crosslinked UHMWPE. 1.3 This test method does not suggest a desired range of crystallinity or melting points for specific applications. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Enthalpy of Fusion, Percent Crystallinity, and Melting Point of Ultra-High-Molecular Weight Polyethylene by Means of Differential Scanning Calorimetry

KS F 2463-2009 利用加热板的材料导热率测试方法

1.1 이 표준은 1.2에 규정한 절연체 건조물 및 기타 재료의 건조한 공시체의 열전도율

Method of thermal conductivity test for materials

ASTM E2602-09 用调制温度差示扫描量热法测定玻璃化转变温度的标准试验方法

Materials undergo an increase in molecular mobility at the glass transition seen as a sigmoidal step increase in the heat capacity. This mobility increase may lead to kinetic events such as enthalpic recovery, chemical reaction or crystallization at temperatures near the glass transition. The heat flow associated with the kinetic events may interfere with the determination of the glass transition. The glass transition is observed in differential scanning calorimetry as a sigmoidal or step change in specific heat capacity. MTDSC provides a test method for the separation of the heat flow due to heat capacity and that associated with kinetic events making it possible to determine the glass transition in the presence of interfering kinetic event. This test method is useful in research and development, quality assurance and control and specification acceptance. Other methods for assigning the glass transition temperature include differential scanning calorimetry (Test Method E 1356), thermomechanical analysis (Test Method E 1545) and dynamic mechanical analysis (Test Method E 1640)1.1 This test method describes the assignment of the glass transition temperature of materials using modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC) over the temperature range from –120 to + 600 °C. The temperature range may be extended depending upon the instrumentation used. 1.2 SI units are the standard. 1.3 There are no ISO equivalents to this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for the Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature by Modulated Temperature Differential Scanning Calorimetry

ASTM E1354-09 使用氧消耗量热仪的材料和产品的热和可见烟雾释放速率的标准测试方法

This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving products of the test material. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and smoke production. These properties are determined on small size specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use. This test method is applicable to various categories of products and is not limited to representing a single fire scenario. Additional guidance for testing is given in X1.2.3 and X1.11. This test method is not applicable to end-use products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces.1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides for measuring the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external ignitor. 1.2 This test method is used to determine the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion, and visible smoke development of materials and products. 1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitant measurement of specimen mass loss rate, in combination with the heat release rate. Smoke development is measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product stream. 1.4 Specimens shall be exposed to heating fluxes in the range of 0 to 100 kW/m2. External ignition, when used, shall be by electric spark. The value of the heating flux and the use of external ignition are to be as specified in the relevant material or performance standard (see X1.2). The normal specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The apparatus also contains provisions for vertical orientation testing; this is used for exploratory or diagnostic studies only. 1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming. 1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design purposes, or development and research. Examples of material specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7. ^REFERENCE: ASTM Standards: D 5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke E 176 Terminology of Fire Standards E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM ......

Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

NF E17-401-3:2009 量热计.第3部分:数据交换及接口

Heat meters - Part 3 : data exchange and interfaces.

BS EN 1434-3:2008 量热计.数据交换和接口

This European Standard applies to heat meters, that is to instruments intended for measuring the heat which, in a heat-exchange circuit, is absorbed or given up by a liquid called the energy-conveying liquid. The meter indicates heat in legal units. Electrical safety requirements are not covered by this standard. Part 3 specifies the data exchange between a meter and a readout device (POINT / POINT communication). For these applications using the optical readout head, the EN 62056-21 protocol is recommended. For direct or remote local readout of a single or a few meters via a battery driven readout device, the physical layer of EN 13757-6 (local bus) is recommended. For bigger networks with up to 250 meters, a master unit with AC mains supply according to EN 13757-2 is necessary to control the M-Bus. For these applications the physical and link layer of EN 13757-2 and the application layer of EN 13757-3 is required. For wireless meter communications, EN 13757-4 describes several alternatives of walk/drive-by readout via a mobile station or by using stationary receivers or a network. Both unidirectionally and bidirectionally transmitting meters are supported by this standard.

Heat Meters Part 3: Data exchange and interfaces

LST EN 1434-3-2009 热量表 第3部分：数据交换和接口

Heat Meters - Part 3: Data exchange and interfaces

DIN EN 1434-3:2009 量热计.第3部分:数据交换和接口

This European Standard applies to heat meters, that is to instruments intended for measuring the heat which, in a heat-exchange circuit, is absorbed or given up by a liquid called the energy-conveying liquid. The meter indicates heat in legal units. Electrical safety requirements are not covered by this standard. Part 3 specifies the data exchange between a meter and a readout device (POINT / POINT communication). For these applications using the optical readout head, the EN 62056-21 protocol is recommended. For direct or remote local readout of a single or a few meters via a battery driven readout device, the physical layer of EN 13757-6 (local bus) is recommended. For bigger networks with up to 250 meters, a master unit with AC mains supply according to EN 13757-2 is necessary to control the M-Bus. For these applications the physical and link layer of EN 13757-2 and the application layer of EN 13757-3 is required. For wireless meter communications, EN 13757-4 describes several alternatives of walk/drive-by readout via a mobile station or by using stationary receivers or a network. Both unidirectionally and bidirectionally transmitting meters are supported by this standard.

Heat meters - Part 3: Data exchange and interfaces; English version EN 1434-3:2008

GOST R 8.668-2009 确保测量一致性的国家体系.天然气燃烧体积热量(能量).测量方法一般要求

State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Volumetric heat (energy) of combustion of natural gas. General requirements for methods for measurement

ASTM E2684-09 使用安装于表面的单维扁平式量表测量热通量的标准试验办法

This test method will provide guidance for the measurement of the net heat flux to or from a surface location. To determine the radiant energy component the emissivity or absorptivity of the gage surface coating is required and should be matched with the surrounding surface. The potential physical and thermal disruptions of the surface due to the presence of the gage should be minimized and characterized. For the case of convection and low source temperature radiation to or from the surface it is important to consider how the presence of the gage alters the surface heat flux. The desired quantity is usually the heat flux at the surface location without the presence of the gage. Temperature limitations are determined by the gage material properties and the method of application to the surface. The range of heat flux that can be measured and the time response are limited by the gage design and construction details. Measurements from 10 W/m2 to above 100 kW/m2 are easily obtained with current sensors. Time constants as low as 10 ms are possible, while thicker sensors may have response times greater than 1 s. It is important to choose the sensor style and characteristics to match the range and time response of the required application. The measured heat flux is based on one-dimensional analysis with a uniform heat flux over the surface of the gage surface. Because of the thermal disruption caused by the placement of the gage on the surface, this may not be true. Wesley (3) and Baba et al. (4) have analyzed the effect of the gage on the thermal field and heat transfer within the surface substrate and determined that the one-dimensional assumption is valid when: where: ks= the thermal conductivity of the substrate material, R= the effective radius of the gage, δ= the combined thickness, and k= the effective thermal conductivity of the gage and adhesive layers. Measurements of convective heat flux are particularly sensitive to disturbances of the temperature of the surface. Because the heat transfer coefficient is also affected by any non-uniformities of the surface temperature, the effect of a small temperature change with location is further amplified, as explained by Moffat et al. (2) and Diller (5). Moreover, the smaller the gage surface area, the larger is the effect on the heat-transfer coefficient of any surface temperature non-uniformity. Therefore, surface temperature disruptions caused by the gage should be kept much smaller than the surface to environment temperature difference causing the heat flux. This necessitates a good thermal path between the gage and the surface onto which it is mounted. Fig. 2 shows a heat-flux gage mounted onto a plate with the surface temperature of the gage of Ts and the surface temperature of the surrounding plate of Tp. The goal is to keep the gage surface temperature as close as possbible to the plate temperature to minimize the thermal disruption of the gage. This requires the thermal resistance of the gage and adhesive to be minimized along the t.......

Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using Surface-Mounted One-Dimensional Flat Gages

ASTM C1702-09a 利用等温量热传导测量水硬性胶凝材料的水化热的标准试验方法

This method is suitable for determining the total heat of hydration of hydraulic cement at constant temperature at ages up to 7 days to confirm specification compliance. It gives test results equivalent to Test Method C186 up to 7 days of age (Poole (2007) (4)). This method compliments Practice C1679 by providing details of calorimeter equipment, calibration, and operation. Practice C1679 emphasizes interpretation significant events in cement hydration by analysis of time dependent patterns of heat flow, but does not provide the level of detail necessary to give precision test results at specific test ages required for specification compliance.1.1 This test method specifies the apparatus and procedure for determining total heat of hydration of hydraulic cementitious materials at test ages up to 7 days by isothermal conduction calorimetry. 1.2 This test method also outputs data on rate of heat of hydration versus time that is useful for other analytical purposes, as covered in Practice C1679. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Heat of Hydration of Hydraulic Cementitious Materials Using Isothermal Conduction Calorimetry

ASTM E2602-09(2015) 使用调制温度差扫描量热法分配玻璃转变温度的标准试验方法

5.1 Materials undergo an increase in molecular mobility at the glass transition seen as a sigmoidal step increase in the heat capacity. This mobility increase may lead to kinetic events such as enthalpic recovery, chemical reaction or crystallization at temperatures near the glass transition. The heat flow associated with the kinetic events may interfere with the determination of the glass transition. 5.2 The glass transition is observed in differential scanning calorimetry as a sigmoidal or step change in specific heat capacity. 5.3 MTDSC provides a test method for the separation of the heat flow due to heat capacity and that associated with kinetic events making it possible to determine the glass transition in the presence of interfering kinetic event. 5.4 These test methods are useful in research and development, quality assurance and control and specification acceptance. 5.5 Other methods for assigning the glass transition temperature include differential scanning calorimetry (Test Method E1356), thermomechanical analysis (Test Method E1545) and dynamic mechanical analysis (Test Method E1640). 1.1 These test methods describe the assignment of the glass transition temperature of materials using modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC) over the temperature range from –120 to +600°C. The temperature range may be extended depending upon the instrumentation used. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 There are no ISO equivalents to this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for the Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature by Modulated Temperature Differential Scanning Calorimetry

ASTM E2585-09(2015) 采用闪光法测定热扩散率的标准实施规程

5.1 Thermal diffusivity is an important property, required for such purposes under transient heat flow conditions, such as design applications, determination of safe operating temperature, process control, and quality assurance. 5.2 The flash method is used to measure values of thermal diffusivity, α, of a wide range of solid materials. It is particularly advantageous because of simple specimen geometry, small specimen size requirements, rapidity of measurement and ease of handling. 5.3 Under certain strict conditions, specific heat capacity of a homogeneous isotropic opaque solid sample can be determined when the method is used in a quantitative fashion (see Test Method E1461, Appendix 1). 5.4 Thermal diffusivity results, together with related values of specific heat capacity (Cp) and density (ρ) values, can be used in many cases to derive thermal conductivity (λ), according to the relationship: 1.1 This practice covers practical details associated with the determination of the thermal diffusivity of primarily homogeneous isotropic solid materials. Thermal diffusivity values ranging from 10-7 to 10-3 m2/s are readily measurable by this from about 75 to 28008201;K. 1.2 This practice is adjunct to Test Method E1461. 1.3 This practice is applicable to the measurements performed on materials opaque to the spectrum of the energy pulse, but with special precautions can be used on fully or partially transparent materials. 1.4 This practice is intended to allow a wide variety of apparatus designs. It is not practical in a document of this type to establish details of construction and procedures to cover all contingencies that might offer difficulties to a person without pertinent technical knowledge, or to stop or restrict research and development for improvements in the basic technique. This practice provides guidelines for the construction principles, preferred embodiments and operating parameters for this type of instruments. 1.5 This practice is applicable to the measurements performed on essentially fully dense materials; however, in some cases it has shown to produce acceptable results when used with porous specimens. Since the magnitude of porosity, pore shapes, and parameters of pore distribution influence the behavior of the thermal diffusivity, extreme caution must be exercised when analyzing data. Special caution is advised when other properties, such as thermal conductivity, are derived from thermal diffusivity obtained by this method. 1.6 The flash can be consider......

Standard Practice for Thermal Diffusivity by the Flash Method

ANSI/UL 539-2009 单测点和多测点热报警器

Revision to proposal dated April 25, 2008.

Single and Multiple Station Heat Alarms

ASTM E2683-09 使用嵌装温度梯度表测量热通量的标准试验方法

The purpose of this test method is to measure the net heat flux to or from a surface location. For measurement of the radiant energy component the emissivity or absorptivity of the surface coating of the gage is required. When measuring the convective energy component the potential physical and thermal disruptions of the surface must be minimized and characterized. Requisite is to consider how the presence of the gage alters the surface heat flux. The desired quantity is usually the heat flux at the surface location without the presence of the gage. Temperature limitations are determined by the gage material properties, the method of mounting the sensing element, and how the lead wires are attached. The range of heat flux that can be measured and the time response are limited by the gage design and construction details. Measurements of a fraction of 1 kW/m2 to above 10 MW/m2 are easily obtained with current gages. With thin film sensors a time response of less than 10 μs is possible, while thicker sensors may have response times on the order of 1 s. It is important to choose the gage style and characteristics to match the range and time response of the required application. When differential thermocouple sensors are operated as specified for one-dimensional heat flux and within the corresponding time response limitations, the voltage output is directly proportional to the heat flux. The sensitivity, however, may be a function of the gage temperature. The measured heat flux is based on one-dimensional analysis with a uniform heat flux over the surface of the gage. Measurements of convective heat flux are particularly sensitive to disturbances of the temperature of the surface. Because the heat-transfer coefficient is also affected by any non-uniformities in the surface temperature, the effect of a small temperature change with location is further amplified as explained by Moffat et al. (2) and Diller (3). Moreover, the smaller the gage surface area, the larger is the effect on the heat transfer coefficient of any surface temperature non-uniformity. Therefore, surface temperature disruptions caused by the gage should be kept much smaller than the surface to environment temperature difference driving the heat flux. This necessitates a good thermal path between the sensor and the surface into which it is mounted. If the gage is not water cooled, a good thermal pathway to the system’s heat sink is important. The gage should have an effective thermal conductivity as great or greater than the surrounding material. It should also have good physical contact insured by a tight fit in the hole and a method to tighten the gage into the surface. An example method used to tighten the gage to the surface material is illustrated in Fig. 2. The gage housing has a flange and a separate tightening nut tapped into the surface material. If the gage is water cooled, the thermal pathway to the plate is less important. The heat transfer to the gage enters the water as the heat sink instead of the surrounding plate. Consequently, the thermal resistance between the gage and plate may even be increased to discourage heat transfer from the plate to the cooling water. Unfortunately, this may also increase the thermal mismatch between the gage and surrounding surface. Fig. 2 shows a heat flux gage mounted into a plate with the surface temperature of the gage of Ts and the surface temperature of the surrounding plate of Tp. As previously discussed, a difference in temperature between the gage and plate may also increase the local heat transfer coefficient over the gage. This amplifies the measurement error. Consequently, a well designed heat flux gage will keep the temperature difference ........

Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using Flush-Mounted Insert Temperature-Gradient Gages

DS/EN 1434-3:2008 热量表 第3部分：数据交换和接口

This European Standard applies to heat meters, that is to instruments intended for measuring the heat which, in a heat-exchange circuit, is absorbed or given up by a liquid called the energy-conveying liquid. The meter indicates heat in legal units.Electrical safety requirements are not covered by this standard.Part 3 specifies the data exchange between a meter and a readout device (POINT / POINT communication). For these applications using the optical readout head, the EN 62056-21 protocol is recommended.For direct or remote local readout of a single or a few meters via a battery driven readout device, the physical layer of EN 13757-6 (local bus) is recomm

Heat Meters - Part 3: Data exchange and interfaces

ASTM E2009-08 用差示扫描量热法测定碳氢化合物氧化起始温度的标准试验方法

Oxidation onset temperature is a relative measure of the degree of oxidative stability of the material evaluated at a given heating rate and oxidative environment, for example, oxygen; the higher the OOT value the more stable the material. The OOT is described in Fig. 1. The OOT values can be used for comparative purposes and are not an absolute measurement, like the oxidation induction time (OIT) at a constant temperature (see Test Method E 1858). The presence or effectiveness of antioxidants may be determined by this test method. Typical uses of this test method include the oxidative stability of edible oils and fats (oxidative rancidity), lubricants, greases, and polyolefins. FIG. 1 DSC Oxidation Onset Temperature (OOT), Extrapolated Onset Temperature1.1 This test method describes the determination of the oxidative properties of hydrocarbons by differential scanning calorimetry or pressure differential scanning calorimetry under linear heating rate conditions and is applicable to hydrocarbons, which oxidize exothermically in their analyzed form. 1.2 Test Method A8212;A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is used at ambient pressure, of one atmosphere of oxygen. 1.3 Test Method B8212;A pressure DSC (PDSC) is used at high pressure, for example, 3.5 MPa (500 psig) oxygen. 1.4 Test Method C8212;A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is used at ambient pressure of one atmosphere of air. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Oxidation Onset Temperature of Hydrocarbons by Differential Scanning Calorimetry