71.040.50 (Physicochemical methods of analysis) 标准查询与下载

ASTM G5-12 动电势极化电阻测量的标准试验方法

3.1 The availability of a standard procedure, standard material, and a standard plot should make it easy for an investigator to check his techniques. This should lead to polarization curves in the literature which can be compared with confidence. 3.2 Samples of a standard ferritic Type 430 stainless steel (UNS S43000) used in obtaining standard reference plot are available for those who wish to check their own test procedure and equipment.3 3.3 Standard potentiostatic and potentiodynamic polarization plots are shown for a lot of material originally purchased in 1992. This test method is not applicable for standard material purchased before 1992. These reference data are based on the results from different laboratories that followed the standard procedure, using that material in 1.0 N H2SO4. The four sigma probability bands for current density values are shown at each potential to indicate the acceptable range of values. 3.4 This test method may not be appropriate for polarization testing of all materials or in all environments. 3.5 This test method is intended for use in evaluating the accuracy of a given electrochemical test apparatus, not for use in evaluating materials performance. Therefore, the use of the plots in Figs. 1 and 2 is not recommended to evaluate alloys other than Type 430, or lots of Type 430 other than those available through ASTM. The use of the data in this test method in this manner is beyond the scope and intended use of this test method. Users of this test method are advised to evaluate test results relative to the scatter bands corresponding to the particular lot of Type 430 stainless steel that was tested.CURRENT DENSITY (μA/cm2) FIG. 1 Typical Standard Potentiostatic Anodic Polarization PlotCURRENT DENSITY (μA/cm2) FIG. 2 Typical Standard Potentiodynamic Anodic Polarization Plot 1.1 This test method covers an experimental procedure for checking experimental technique and instrumentation. If followed, this test method will provide repeatable potentiostatic and potentiodynamic anodic polarization measurements that will reproduce data determined by others at other times and in other laboratories provided all laboratories are testing reference samples from the same lot of Type 430 stainless steel. 1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Reference Test Method for Making Potentiostatic and Potentiodynamic Anodic Polarization Measurements

ASTM E1634-11 测量溅射坑深度的标准指南

Sputter crater depth measurements are performed in order to determine a sputter rate (depth/time) for each matrix sputtered during a sputter depth profile or similar in-depth type analyses. From sputter rate values, a linear depth scale can be calculated and displayed for the sputter depth profile. Data obtained from surface profilometry are useful in monitoring instrumental parameters (for example, raster size, shape, and any irregularities in topography of the sputtered crater) used for depth profiles.1.1 This guide covers the preferred procedure for acquiring and post-processing of sputter crater depth measurements. This guide is limited to stylus-type surface profilometers equipped with a stage, stylus, associated scan and sensing electronics, video system for sample and scan alignment, and computerized system. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Performing Sputter Crater Depth Measurements

ASTM D6591-11 用带检测折光指数的高效液相色谱法测定中间馏分中芳香烃类型的标准试验方法

The aromatic hydrocarbon content of motor diesel fuel is a factor that can affect exhaust emissions and fuel combustion characteristics, as measured by cetane number. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) regulates the aromatic content of diesel fuels. California Air Resources Board (CARB) regulations place limits on the total aromatics content and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content of motor diesel fuel, thus requiring an appropriate analytical determination to ensure compliance with the regulations. This test method is applicable to materials in the same boiling range as motor diesel fuels and is unaffected by fuel coloration. Test Method D1319, which has been mandated by the US EPA for the determination of aromatics in motor diesel fuel, excludes materials with final boiling points greater than 315°C (600°F) from its scope. Test Method D2425 is applicable to the determination of both total aromatics and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel fuel, but is much more costly and time-consuming to perform. Test Method D5186, currently specified by CARB, is also applicable to the determination of both total aromatics and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel fuel. Test Method D5186, however, specifies the use of supercritical fluid chromatography equipment that may not be readily available. Note 28212;Test Method D5186 was previously specified by CARB as an alternative to Test Method D1319.1.1 This test method covers a high performance liquid chromatographic test method for the determination of mono-aromatic, di-aromatic, tri+-aromatic, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents in diesel fuels and petroleum distillates boiling in the range from 150 to 400°C. The total aromatic content in % m/m is calculated from the sum of the corresponding individual aromatic hydrocarbon types. Note 18212;Aviation fuels and petroleum distillates with a boiling point range from 50 to 300°C are not determined by this test method and should be analyzed by Test Method, D6379 or other suitable equivalent test methods. 1.2 The precision of this test method has been established for diesel fuels and their blending components, containing from 4 to 40 % (m/m) mono-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0 to 20 % (m/m) di-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0 to 6 % (m/m) tri+-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0 to 26 % (m/m) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and 4 to 65 % (m/m) total aromatic hydrocarbons. 1.3 Compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen are possible interferents. Mono-alkenes do not interfere, but conjugated di- and poly-alkenes, if present, are possible interferents. 1.4 By convention, this standard defines the aromatic hydrocarbon types on the basis of their elution characteristics from the specified liquid chromatography column relative to model aromatic compounds. Quantification is by external calibration using a single aromatic compound, which may or may not be representative of the aromatics in the sample, for each aromatic hydrocarbon type. Alternative tec......

Standard Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillatesmdash;High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection

ASTM E1217-11 用X射线光电子光谱仪和俄歇电子光谱仪测定影响检测信号样品面积的标准操作规程

Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used extensively for the surface analysis of materials. This practice summarizes methods for determining the specimen area contributing to the detected signal (a) for instruments in which a focused electron beam can be scanned over a region with dimensions greater than the dimensions of the specimen area viewed by the analyzer, and (b) by employing a sample with a sharp edge. This practice is intended as a means for determining the observed specimen area for selected conditions of operation of the electron energy analyzer. The observed specimen area depends on whether or not the electrons are retarded before energy analysis, the analyzer pass energy or retarding ratio if the electrons are retarded before energy analysis, the size of selected slits or apertures, and the value of the electron energy to be measured. The observed specimen area depends on these selected conditions of operation and also can depend on the adequacy of alignment of the specimen with respect to the electron energy analyzer. Any changes in the observed specimen area as a function of measurement conditions, for example, electron energy or analyzer pass energy, may need to be known if the specimen materials in regular use have lateral inhomogeneities with dimensions comparable to the dimensions of the specimen area viewed by the analyzer. This practice can give useful information on the imaging properties of the electron energy analyzer for particular conditions of operation. This information can be helpful in comparing analyzer performance with manufacturer's specifications. Information about the shape and size of the area viewed by the analyzer can also be employed to predict the signal intensity in XPS experiments when the sample is rotated and to assess the axis of rotation of the sample manipulator. Examples of the application of the methods described in this practice have been published (1-7). There are different ways to define the spectrometer analysis area. An ISO Technical Report provides guidance on determinations of lateral resolution, analysis area, and sample area viewed by the analyzer in AES and XPS (8), and ISO 18516:2006 describes three methods for determination of lateral resolution in AES and XPS. Baer and Engelhard have used well-defined ‘dots’ of a material on a substrate to determine the area of a specimen contributing to the measured signal of a ‘small-area’ XPS measurement (9). This area could be as much as ten times the area estimated simply from the lateral resolution of the instrument. The amount of intensity in ‘fringe’ or ‘tail’ regions could also be highly dependent on lens operation and the adequacy of specimen alignment. Scheithauer described an alternative technique in which Pt apertures of varying diameters were utilized to determine the fraction of ‘long-tail’ X-ray contributions outside each aperture on the measured Pt photoelectron signal compared to that on a Pt foil (10). In test measurements on a commercial XPS instrument with a focused X-ray beam and a nominal lateral resolution of 10 μm (as determined from the distance between the positions for 20% and 80 % of maximum signal when scans were made across an edge), it was found that aperture diameters of about 100 μm and 450 μm were re......

Standard Practice for Determination of the Specimen Area Contributing to the Detected Signal in Auger Electron Spectrometers and Some X-Ray Photoelectron Spectrometers

ASTM E1999-11 使用火花原子发射光谱法分析铸铁的标准试验方法

The chemical composition of cast iron alloys shall be determined accurately in order to insure the desired metallurgical properties. This procedure is suitable for manufacturing control and inspection testing. 1.1 This test method covers the optical emission spectrometric analysis of cast iron by use of the point-to-plane technique for the following elements in the concentration ranges shown (Note 1):Concentration Ranges, %ElementsApplicable Range, % Quantitative Range, %ACarbon1.9 to 3.81.90 to 3.8Chromium0 to 2.0 0.025 to 2.0Copper0 to 0.750.015 to 0.75Manganese0 to 1.8 0.03 to 1.8Molybdenum0 to 1.2 0.01 to 1.2Nickel0 to 2.0 0.02 to 2.0Phosphorus0 to 0.4 0.005 to 0.4Silicon0 to 2.5 0.15 to 2.5Sulfur0 to 0.080.01 to 0.08Tin0 to 0.140.004 to 0.14Titanium0 to 0.12 0.003 to 0.12Vanadium0 to 0.22 0.008 to 0.22AQuantitative range in accordance with Practice E1601.Note 1--The concentration ranges of the elements listed have been established through cooperative testing of reference materials. These concentration ranges can be extended by the use of suitable reference materials.1.2 This test method covers analysis of specimens having a diameter adequate to overlap the bore of the spark stand opening (to effect an argon seal). The specimen thickness should be sufficient to prevent overheating during excitation. A heat sink backing may be used. The maximum thickness is limited only by the height that the stand will permit.1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Analysis of Cast Iron by Spark Atomic Emission Spectrometry

ASTM E135-11a 与金属,矿石,和相关材料用分析化学相关的标准术语

Definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use in all standards on analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials. The definitions should be used uniformly and consistently. The purpose of this terminology is to promote clear understanding and interpretation of the standards in which definitions are used.1.1 This is a compilation of terms commonly used in analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials. Terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources are either not included or their sources are identified. 1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a discussion. 1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee. 1.4 Definitions specific to a particular field (such as emission spectrometry) are identified with an italicized introductory phrase.

Standard Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials

ASTM E1915-11 金属矿石及相关材料中碳,硫,和酸碱特性分析的标准试验方法

These test methods are primarily intended to test materials for compliance with compositional specifications and for monitoring. The determination of carbon and sulfur and acid neutralization potential in ores and related materials is necessary to classify ores for metallurgical processing and to classify waste materials from the mining and processing of ores such as leach residues, waste rock, and tailings according to their potential to generate acid in the environment. This information is useful during mine development to assist in mining and mineral processing operations and for proper disposal of waste materials. These test methods are also used to speciate carbon and sulfur contents of metal-bearing ores and related materials so that acid-base accounting can be performed (that is, carbonate mineral acid neutralization potential (ANP) minus sulfide-sulfur mineral acid generation potential (AGP) = net calcium carbonate (NCC)). Additionally, the test method has utility to identify the amount of organic carbon contained in gold ores so that potential for preg robbing can be identified and rectified through established pretreatment methods prior to cyanidation. (Warning8212;Pyrolysis pretreatment at 550 °C has a potential to thermally decompose some carbonate minerals: (1) transition metal carbonates (for example, siderite, FeCO3, and rhodochrosite, MnCO3) decompose, yielding carbon dioxide, CO2, in the range of 220 °C to 520 °C; (2) calcite decomposes slightly between 300 °C and 500 °C, although most decomposition occurs above 550 °C; (3) dolomite decomposes at 800 °C to 900 °C (Hammack, 1994, p. 440). ) These test methods also may be used for the classification of rock to be used in construction, where the potential to generate acid under environmental conditions exists. It is assumed that the users of these test methods will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory and that proper waste disposal procedures will be followed. Appropriate quality control practices such as those described in Guide E882 must be followed.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of total carbon and sulfur and acid-base characteristics in metal bearing ores and related materials such as leach residues, tailings, and waste rock within the following ranges: 1.2 The quantitative ranges for the partial decomposition test methods are dependent on the mineralogy of the samples being tested. The user of these test methods is advised to conduct an interlaboratory study in accordance with Practice E1601 on the test methods selected for use at a particular mining site, in order to establish the quantitative ranges for these test methods on a site-specific basis.

Standard Test Methods for Analysis of Metal Bearing Ores and Related Materials for Carbon, Sulfur, and Acid-Base Characteristics

ASTM E1731-11 清洗房间手套上的非挥发性残留物重力测定用标准试验方法

The NVR obtained by this test method is that amount which is available for release by the gloves onto handled surfaces. Evaporation of solvent at the stated temperature is to quantify the NVR that can be expected to exist at room temperature, since the slight difference between room temperature and the test temperature is not likely to result in significant variances. This method may be more aggressive than necessary to determine the suitability of cleanroom gloves that are restricted to dry operations only. Various other methods exist for determining NVR, for example Practice G120 and IES-RP-CC005. This test is not intended to replace test methods used for other purposes.1.1 This test method covers the determination of solvent extractable nonvolatile residue (NVR) from gloves used in cleanrooms where spacecraft are assembled, cleaned, or tested. 1.2 The NVR of interest is that which can be extracted from gloves using a specified solvent that has been selected for its extracting qualities, or because it is representative of solvents used in the particular facility. Alternative solvents may be used, but since their use may result in different values being generated, they must be identified in the procedure data sheet. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Gravimetric Determination of Nonvolatile Residue from Cleanroom Gloves

ASTM E1504-11 次级离子质谱分析法中报告质谱数据的标准操作规程

This practice is intended for use in reporting the experimental and data reduction procedures described in other publications.1.1 This practice provides the minimum information necessary to describe the instrumental, experimental, and data reduction procedures used in acquiring and reporting secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) mass spectral data.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Reporting Mass Spectral Data in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)

ASTM D7169-11 用高温气相色谱法对含有诸如原油, 大气和真空残留物的试样沸点分布的标准试验方法

The determination of the boiling point distribution of crude oils and vacuum residues, as well as other petroleum fractions, yields important information for refinery operation. These boiling point distributions provide information as to the potential mass percent yield of products. This test method may provide useful information that can aid in establishing operational conditions in the refinery. Knowledge of the amount of residue produced is important in determining the economics of the refining process.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling point distribution and cut point intervals of crude oils and residues by using high temperature gas chromatography. The amount of residue (or sample recovery) is determined using an external standard. 1.2 This test method extends the applicability of simulated distillation to samples that do not elute completely from the chromatographic system. This test method is used to determine the boiling point distribution through a temperature of 720°C. This temperature corresponds to the elution of n-C100. 1.3 This test method is used for the determination of boiling point distribution of crude oils. This test method uses capillary columns with thin films, which results in the incomplete separation of C4-C8 in the presence of large amounts of carbon disulfide, and thus yields an unreliable boiling point distribution corresponding to this elution interval. In addition, quenching of the response of the detector employed to hydrocarbons eluting during carbon disulfide elution, results in unreliable quantitative analysis of the boiling distribution in the C4-C8 region. Since the detector does not quantitatively measure the carbon disulfide, its subtraction from the sample using a solvent-only injection and corrections to this region via quenching factors, results in an approximate determination of the net chromatographic area. A separate, higher resolution gas chromatograph (GC) analysis of the light end portion of the sample may be necessary in order to obtain a more accurate description of the boiling point curve in the interval in question (see Appendix X1). 1.4 This test method is also designed to obtain the boiling point distribution of other incompletely eluting samples such as atmospheric residues, vacuum residues, etc., that are characterized by the fact that the sample components are resolved from the solvent. 1.5 This test method is not applicable for the analysis of materials containing a heterogeneous component such as polyesters and polyolefins. 1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 8.

Standard Test Method for Boiling Point Distribution of Samples with Residues Such as Crude Oils and Atmospheric and Vacuum Residues by High Temperature Gas Chromatography

ASTM D6844-10 橡胶配方(双-(三乙氧甲硅烷丙基)硫烷)中使用的硅烷的标准试验方法:高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析

The average sulfur chain length is an important parameter in determining the behavior of the silane in a rubber mixture.1.1 This test method covers the characterization of silanes, or of admixtures of silane and carbon black (see 10.4), of the type bis-(triethoxysilylpropyl)sulfane by high performance liquid chromatography. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Silanes Used in Rubber Formulations
(bis-(triethoxysilylpropyl)sulfanes): Characterization by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

ASTM E2224-10 用红外光谱对纤维进行法医检定的标准指南

Fiber samples may be prepared and mounted for microscopical infrared analysis by a variety of techniques. Infrared spectra of fibers are obtained using an IR spectrophotometer coupled with an IR microscope. Fiber polymer identification is made by comparison of the fiber spectrum with reference spectra. Consideration should be given to the potential for additional compositional information that may be obtained by IR spectroscopy over polarized light microscopy alone (see Microscopy Guidelines). The extent to which IR spectral comparison is indicated will vary with specific sample and case evaluations. The recommended point for IR analysis in a forensic fiber examination is following visible and ultraviolet (UV) comparison microscopy (fluoresence microscopy), polarized light microscopy, and UV/visible spectroscopy, but before dye extraction for thin-layer chromatography. This list of analytical techniques is not meant to be totally inclusive or exclusive. The following generic types of fiber are occasionally encountered in routine forensic examinations: Anidel, Fluorocarbon, Lastrile, Novoloid, Nytril, Polycarbonate, PBI, Sulfar, Vinal, and Vinyon. Exemplar data, reference standards, or examiner experience, or combination thereof, may be inadequate for characterization of these fibers by optical microscopical and microchemical techniques. For these fiber types, IR spectroscopic confirmation of polymer type is advisable. Because of the large number of subgeneric classes, forensic examination of acrylic fibers is likely to benefit significantly from IR spectral analysis (11). Colorless manufactured fibers are lacking in the characteristics for color comparison available in dyed or pigmented fibers. The forensic examination of these fibers may, therefore, benefit from the additional comparative aspect of IR spectral analysis. If polymer identification is not readily apparent from optical data alone, an additional method of analysis should be used such as microchemical tests, melting point, pyrolysis infrared spectrophotometry, or pyrolysis gas chromatography. Infrared analysis offers the advantage of being the least destructive of these methods (12).1.1 Infrared (IR) spectrophotometery is a valuable method of fiber polymer identification and comparison in forensic examinations. The use of IR microscopes coupled with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers has greatly simplified the IR analysis of single fibers, thus making the technique feasible for routine use in the forensic laboratory. 1.2 This guideline is intended to assist individuals and laboratories that conduct forensic fiber examinations and comparisons in the effective application of infrared spectroscopy to the analysis of fiber evidence. Although this guide is intended to be applied to the analysis of single fibers, many of its suggestions are applicable to the infrared analysis of small particles in general. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Guide for Forensic Analysis of Fibers by Infrared Spectroscopy

ASTM E2627-10 在完全再结晶的多晶体物质中使用电子背向反射衍射(EBSD)测定平均粒度的标准实施规程

This practice provides a way to estimate the average grain size of polycrystalline materials. It is based on EBSD measurements of crystallographic orientation which are inherently quantitative in nature. This method has specific advantage over traditional optical grain size measurements in some materials, where it is difficult to find appropriate metallographic preparation procedures to adequately delineate grain boundaries.1.1 This practice is used to determine grain size from measurements of grain areas from automated electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) scans of polycrystalline materials. 1.2 The intent of this practice is to standardize operation of an automated EBSD instrument to measure ASTM G directly from crystal orientation. The guidelines and caveats of E112 apply here, but the focus of this standard is on EBSD practice. 1.3 This practice is only applicable to fully recrystallized materials. 1.4 This practice is applicable to any crystalline material which produces EBSD patterns of sufficient quality that a high percentage of the patterns can be reliably indexed using automated indexing software. 1.5 The practice is applicable to any type of grain structure or grain size distribution. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

Standard Practice for Determining Average Grain Size Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) in Fully Recrystallized Polycrystalline Materials

ASTM E1636-10 用扩展的逻辑函数描述深度剖面和行扫描剖面数据的标准实施规程

Information on interface composition is frequently obtained by measuring surface composition while the specimen material is gradually removed by ion bombardment (see Guide E1127 and Practice E1162). In this way, interfaces are revealed and characterized by the measurement of composition versus depth to obtain a sputter-depth profile. The shape of such interface profiles contains information about the physical and chemical properties of the interface region. In order to accurately and unambiguously describe this interface region and to determine its width (see Guide E1438), it is helpful to define the shape of the entire interface profile with a single analytic function. Interfaces in depth profiles from one semi-infinite medium to another generally have a sigmoidal shape characteristic of the cumulative logistic distribution. Use of such a logistic function is physically appropriate and is superior to other functions (for example, polynomials) that have heretofore been used for interface-profile analysis in that it contains the minimum number of parameters for describing interface shapes. Measurements of variations in signal intensity or surface composition as a function of position on a surface give information on the shape of a step or topographic feature on a surface or on the sharpness of an interface at a phase boundary. The shapes of steps or other features on a surface can give information on the lateral resolution of a surface-analysis technique if the sample being measured has sufficiently sharp edges (see ISO 18516). Similarly, the shapes of compositional variations across a surface can give information on the physical and chemical properties of the interface region (for example, the extent of mixing or diffusion across the interface). It is convenient in these applications to describe the measured linescan profile with an appropriate analytic function. Although the logistic distribution is not the only function that could be used to describe measured linescans, it is physically plausible and it has the minimum number of parameters for describing such linescans. Many attempts have been made to characterize interface profiles with general functions (such as polynomials or error functions) but these have suffered from instabilities and an inability to handle poorly structured data. Choice of the logistic function along with a specifically written least-squares procedure (described in Appendix X1) can provide statistically evaluated parameters that describe the width, asymmetry, and depth of interface profiles or linescans in a reproducible and unambiguous way.1.1 This practice describes a systematic method for analyzing depth-profile and linescan data and for accurately characterizing the shape of an interface region or topographic feature. The profile data are described with an appropriate analytic function, and the parameters of this function define the position, width, and any asymmetry of the interface or feature. The use of this practice is recommended in order that the shapes of composition profiles of interfaces or of linescans of topographic features acquired with different instruments or techniques can be unambiguously compared and interpreted. 1.2 This practice is intended to be used for two purposes. First, it can be used to describe the shape of depth-profiles obtained at an interface between two dissimilar materials that might be measured by common surface-analysis techniques such as Auger electron spectroscopy, secondary-ion mass spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Second, it can be used to describe th......

Standard Practice for Analytically Describing Depth-Profile and Linescan-Profile Data by an Extended Logistic Function

ASTM E131-10 与分子光谱学相关的标准术语

1.1 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy

ASTM E135-10b 金属,矿石及相关材料的分析化学标准术语

Definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use in all standards on analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials. The definitions should be used uniformly and consistently. The purpose of this terminology is to promote clear understanding and interpretation of the standards in which definitions are used.1.1 This is a compilation of terms commonly used in analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials. Terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources are either not included or their sources are identified. 1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a discussion. 1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee. 1.4 Definitions specific to a particular field (such as emission spectrometry) are identified with an italicized introductory phrase.

Standard Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials

ASTM E1329-10 光谱化学分析中控制图表的验证和使用的标准操作规程

Consistency in analysis depends on being aware of a significant change in instrumental response, such as that caused by drift or changes in analytical precision, or both, and taking corrective action. The usual corrective action for drift is standardization. Standardization, however, when there is no real need, can only broaden the spread of subsequent analyses. One purpose of this practice is to set guidelines that will avoid “unnecessary standardization.” To control manufacturing processes, there must be confidence that a consistent material is being produced and that the analysis of the material is reliable. For assurance that the material meets specification, a purchaser may require the supporting record of control charts to assess that proper analytical control has been maintained. Ideally, variations in analytical results may be held to chance causes. The concept of a confidence interval or limits on a control chart is based on what can be expected when all normal precautions are exercised. When results appear to go out of control, the analyst should consider and correct what might be an assignable cause. As experience is accumulated, however, it may not seem unusual for readings to drift with time as optics degrade, detector response changes, or excitations conditions change, for example, when deposits build up on a counter electrode (a correctable assignable cause), or the longer range effects as an X-ray tube deteriorates.1.1 This practice covers procedures for determining if a spectrochemical analysis is under statistical control. 1.2 Criteria are presented for determining when corrective action is required. 1.3 Control will be effected by using verifiers to test instrument response. It is recommended, although not required, that this be accompanied by the plotting of control charts. 1.4 The preparation of control charts is described. 1.5 Limitations8212;The procedures that are described do not apply to analyses that require a calibration each time a set of analyses is run. Reference is made specifically to atomic emission spectrometry, but the practice has a more general application. 1.6 This practice does not apply to validation procedures that monitor the correctness of calibration.

Standard Practice for Verification and Use of Control Charts in Spectrochemical Analysis

ASTM E1523-09 X射线光电子谱测定中电荷控制和电荷参照技术的标准指南

The acquisition of chemical information from variations in the energy position of peaks in the XPS spectrum is of primary interest in the use of XPS as a surface analytical tool. Surface charging acts to shift spectral peaks independent of their chemical relationship to other elements on the same surface. The desire to eliminate the influence of surface charging on the peak positions and peak shapes has resulted in the development of several empirical methods designed to assist in the interpretation of the XPS peak positions, determine surface chemistry, and allow comparison of spectra of conducting and non-conducting systems of the same element. It is assumed that the spectrometer is generally working properly for non-insulating specimens (see Practice E 902). Although highly reliable methods have now been developed to stabilize surface potentials during XPS analysis of most materials (5, 6), no single method has been developed to deal with surface charging in all circumstances (10, 11). For insulators, an appropriate choice of any control or referencing system will depend on the nature of the specimen, the instruments, and the information needed. The appropriate use of charge control and referencing techniques will result in more consistent, reproducible data. Researchers are strongly urged to report both the control and referencing techniques that have been used, the specific peaks and binding energies used as standards (if any), and the criteria applied in determining optimum results so that the appropriate comparisons may be made.1.1 This guide acquaints the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) user with the various charge control and charge shift referencing techniques that are and have been used in the acquisition and interpretation of XPS data from surfaces of insulating specimens and provides information needed for reporting the methods used to customers or in the literature. 1.2 This guide is intended to apply to charge control and charge referencing techniques in XPS and is not necessarily applicable to electron-excited systems. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide to Charge Control and Charge Referencing Techniques in X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

ASTM D6919-09 用离子色谱法测定水及废水中溶解的碱及碱土阳离子及铵的标准试验方法

This method is applicable to the simultaneous determination of dissolved alkali and alkaline earth cations and ammonium in water and wastewaters. Alkali and alkaline earth cations are traditionally determined by using spectroscopic techniques, such as AAS or ICP; whereas ammonium can be measured by using a variety of wet chemical methods, including colorimetry, ammonia-selective electrode, and titrimetry. However, ion chromatography provides a relatively straightforward method for the simultaneous determination of cations, such as lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and ammonium, in fewer than 20–30 min.1.1 This test method is valid for the simultaneous determination of the inorganic alkali and alkaline earth cations, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, as well as the ammonium cation in reagent water, drinking water, and wastewaters by suppressed and nonsuppressed ion chromatography. 1.2 The anticipated range of the method is 0.05–200 mg/L. The specific concentration ranges tested for this method for each cation were as follows (measured in mg/L): Lithium0.4–10.0 Sodium4.0–40.0 Ammonium0.4–10.0 Potassium1.2–20.0 Magnesium2.4–20.0 Calcium4.0–40.0 1.2.1 The upper limits may be extended by appropriate dilution or by the use of a smaller injection volume. In some cases, using a larger injection loop may extend the lower limits. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of these test methods for waters of untested matrices. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazards statements specific to this test method, see 8.3.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Dissolved Alkali and Alkaline Earth Cations and Ammonium in Water and Wastewater by Ion Chromatography

ASTM E1806-09 化合物测定钢铁标准样品的标准操作

This practice covers all aspects of sampling and preparing steel and iron for chemical analysis as defined in Test Methods, Practices, and Definitions A 751 and Specification A 48/A 48M. Such subjects as sampling location and the sampling of lots are defined. It is intended that this practice include most requirements for sampling steel and iron for analysis. Standard analytical methods that reference this practice need contain only special modifications and exceptions. It is assumed that all who use these procedures will be trained samplers capable of performing common sampling operations skillfully and safely. It is expected that only proper sampling equipment will be used.1.1 This practice covers the sampling of all grades of steel, both cast and wrought, and all types (grades) of cast irons and blast furnace iron for chemical and spectrochemical determination of composition. This practice is similar to ISO 14284. 1.2 This practice is divided into the following sections. Sections Requirements for Sampling and Sample Preparation6 General6.1 Sample6.2 Selection of a Sample6.3 Preparation of a Sample6.4 Liquid Iron for Steelmaking and Pig Iron Production7 General7.1 Spoon Sampling7.2 Probe Sampling7.3 Preparation of a Sample for Analysis7.4 Liquid Iron for Cast Iron Production8 General8.1 Spoon Sampling8.2 Probe Sampling8.3 Preparation of a Sample for Analysis8.4 Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination of8.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen Liquid Steel for Steel Production9 General9.1 Probe Sampling9.2 Spoon Sampling9.3 Preparation of a Sample for Analysis9.4 Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination

Standard Practice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determination of Chemical Composition