E38 绝缘油 标准查询与下载

IEC 60422:2005 电气设备中的矿物绝缘油.监督和维护指南

This International Standard gives guidance on the supervision and maintenance of the quality of the insulating oil in electrical equipment. This standard is applicable to mineral insulating oils, originally supplied conforming to IEC 60296, and used in transformers, switchgear and other electrical apparatus where oil sampling is reasonably practicable and where the normal operating conditions specified in the equipment specifications apply. This standard assists the power equipment operator to evaluate the condition of the oil and maintain it in a serviceable condition. It also provides a common basis for the preparation of more specific and complete local codes of practice. This standard includes recommendations on tests and evaluation procedures and outlines methods for reconditioning and reclaiming oil and the decontamination of oil contaminated with PCB. NOTE The condition monitoring of electrical equipment, for example by analysis of dissolved gases, furanic compounds or other means is outside the scope of this standard.

Mineral insulating oils in electrical equipment - Supervision and maintenance guidance

NRS 079-1-2004 矿物绝缘油（不受禁止）．第1部分：购买，管理，维护和试验

Covers provisions for the purchase, management, maintenance and testing of new, regenerated and in-service mineral insulating oils for use in transformers, reactors, switchgear and similar electrical apparatus for insulation and heat transfer purposes.

Mineral insulating oils (uninhibited) Part 1: Purchase, management, maintenance and testing

DIN EN 61125:2005 未使用过的烃基绝缘液体.评价氧化稳定性的试验方法

Unused hydrocarbon-based insulating liquids - Test methods for evaluating the oxidation stability (IEC 61125:1992 + A1:2004); German version EN 61125:1993 + A1:2004

ASTM D7151-05 用感应耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定绝缘油中元素的标准试验方法

This test method covers the rapid determination of 12 elements in insulating oils, and it provides rapid screening of used oils for indications of wear. Test times approximate several minutes per test specimen, and detectability is in the 10-100 μg/kg range. This test method can be used to monitor equipment condition and help to define when corrective action is needed. It can also be used to detect contamination such as from silicone fluids (via Silicon) or from dirt (via Silicon and Aluminum). This test method can be used to indicate the efficiency of reclaiming used insulating oil.1.1 This test method describes the determination of metals and contaminants in insulating oils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The specific elements are listed in Table 1. This test method is similar to Test Method D 5185, but differs in methodology, which results in the greater sensitivity required for insulating oil applications.1.2 This test method uses oil-soluble metals for calibration and does not purport to quantitatively determine insoluble particulates. Analytical results are particle size dependent, and low results are obtained for particles larger than several micrometers.1.3 This test method determines the dissolved metals (which may originate from overheating) and a portion of the particulate metals (which generally originate from a wear mechanism). While this ICP method detects nearly all particles less than several micrometers, the response of larger particles decreases with increasing particle size because larger particles are less likely to make it through the nebulizer and into the sample excitation zone.1.4 This test method includes an option for filtering the oil sample for those users who wish to separately determine dissolved metals and particulate metals (and hence, total metals).1.5 Elements present at concentrations above the upper limit of the calibration curves can be determined with additional, appropriate dilutions and with no degradation of precision.1.6 The values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Elements in Insulating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)

ASTM D7150-05 测定低温热应力下绝缘液体放气特性的标准试验方法

Generation of combustible gases is used to determine the condition of oil-filled electrical apparatus. Many years of empirical evidence has yielded guidelines such as those given in IEEE C57.104, IEC 60599 and IEC 61464. Industry experience has shown that electric and thermal faulted in oil-filled electrical apparatus are the usual sources that generate gases. Experience has shown that some of the gases could form in the oil at low temperatures or as a result of contamination, without any other influences. Some severely hydro-treated transformer oils subjected to thermal stress and oils that contain certain types of contamination may produce specific gases at lower temperatures than normally expected for their generation and hence, falsely indicate abnormal operation of the electrical apparatus. Some new oils have produced large amounts of gases, especially hydrogen, without the influence of other electrical apparatus materials or electrical stresses. This renders interpretation of the dissolved gas analysis more complicated. Heating for 164 h has been found to be a sufficient amount of time to reach a stable and characteristic gassing pattern. This method uses both dry air and dry nitrogen as the sparging gas. This is to reflect either a electrical apparatus preservation system that allows oxygen to contact the oil or one that is sealed from the outside atmosphere. Oils sparged with air generally produce much more hydrogen as a percentage of the total combustible gas content as compared to oils sparged with nitrogen as these produce more hydrocarbons in relation to hydrogen.1.1 This test method describes the procedures to determine the low temperature (120C) gassing characteristics of insulating liquids specifically and without the influence of other electrical apparatus materials or electrical stresses. This test method was primarily designed for insulating mineral oil. It can be applied to other insulating liquids in which dissolved gas-in-oil analysis (Test Method D 3612) is commonly performed. 1.2 This test method is particularly suited for detection of the phenomenon sometimes known as "stray gassing" and is also referred to in CIGRE TF11 B39.1.3 This test method is performed on transformer insulating liquids to determine the propensity of the oil to produce certain gases such as hydrogen and hydrocarbons at low temperatures.1.4 This test method details two procedures:1.5 Method A describes the procedure for determining the gassing characteristics of a new, unused insulating liquid, as received, at 120C for 164 h.1.6 Method B describes the procedure for processing the insulating liquid through an attapulgite clay column to remove organic contaminants and other reactive groups that may influence the gassing behavior of an insulating liquid, which is suspected of being contaminated. This procedure applies to both new and used insulating liquids.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for the Determination of Gassing Characteristics of Insulating Liquids Under Thermal Stress at Low Temperature

ASTM D6180-05 在电气放电情况下原油来源的绝缘油的稳定性的标准试验方法

During this test, insulating oil in an evacuated cell is subjected to a high voltage discharge between two electrodes. The discharge generates free electrons. These electrons collide with the oil molecules causing many of them to become electronically excited. Some of these molecules lose this energy as a quanta of light emitting fluorescent radiation. Some of the other excited molecules decompose into gases, ionized molecules and free radicals. These changes can provide an indication of the stability of oils under the conditions of this test method. The measures of these changes are the increase of the pressure in the test cell and the increase in the dissipation factor of the test specimen. During the test, the gas content increases in the cell and the concentration of charge carriers increases in the oil.1.1 This test method covers a laboratory technique that measures the stability of new, used, or reclaimed insulating oils, similar to those described in Specification D 3487 in the presence of a controlled electric discharge. When subjected to this type of discharge, insulating oils absorb energy and produce gases as well as ionized molecules (charge carriers). The quantity of these decay products can be measured and can provide an indication of the stability of oils under the conditions of this test.1.2 The gases are retained in the discharge cell and their pressure measured. The charge carriers remain in the test specimen. The change in the dissipation factor before and after the discharge is determined.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific cautionary statements are given in and .

Standard Test Method for Stability of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Under Electrical Discharge

BS EN 60296:2004 电工用液体.互感器和开关装置用未使用矿物绝缘油

To be read in conjunction with BS 148:1998

Fluids for electrotechnical applications. Unused mineral insulating oils for transformers and switchgear

DIN EN 62021-1:2004 绝缘液体.酸度的测定.第1部分:自动电位滴定法

Insulating liquids - Determination of acidity - Part 1: Automatic potentiometric titration (IEC 62021-1:2003); German version EN 62021-1:2003

IEC 61125:1992/AMD1:2004 未使用过的烃基绝缘液体.评价氧化稳定性的试验方法.修改件1

This is Amendment 1 to IEC 61125-1992 (Unused hydrocarbon-based insulating liquids - Test methods for evaluating the oxidation stability)

Unused hydrocarbon-based insulating liquids - Test methods for evaluating the oxidation stability; Amendment 1

ASTM D1816-04 用VDE电极测量源自石油的绝缘油介电击穿电压的标准试验方法

The dielectric breakdown voltage of an insulating liquid is of importance as a measure of the liquidrsquo;ability to withstand electric stress without failure. The dielectric breakdown voltage serves to indicate the presence of contaminating agents such as water, dirt, cellulosic fibers, or conducting particles in the liquid, one or more of which may be present in significant concentrations when low breakdown voltages are obtained. However, a high dielectric breakdown voltage does not necessarily indicate the absence of all contaminants; it may merely indicate that the concentrations of contaminants that are present in the liquid between the electrodes are not large enough to deleteriously affect the average breakdown voltage of the liquid when tested by this test method (see Appendix X1.) This test method is used in laboratory or field tests. For field breakdown results to be comparable to laboratory results, all criteria including room temperature (20 to 30°C) must be met.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dielectric breakdown voltage of insulating oils of petroleum origin. This test method is applicable to liquid petroleum oils commonly used in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and similar apparatus as an insulating and cooling medium. The suitability of this test method for testing oils having viscosity of more than 19 cSt, (100SUS) at 40176;C (104176;F) has not been determined. Refer to Terminology D 2864 for definitions used in this test method.1.2 This test method is sensitive to the deleterious effects of moisture in solution especially when cellulosic fibers are present in the oil. It has been found to be especially useful in diagnostic and laboratory investigations of the dielectric breakdown strength of oil in insulating systems.1.3 This test method is used to judge if the VDE electrode breakdown voltage requirements are met for insulating liquids. This test method should be used as recommended by professional organization standards such as IEEE C57.106.1.4 This test method may be used to obtain the dielectric breakdown of silicone fluid as specified in Test Method D 2225, provided that the discharge energy into the sample is less than 20 mJ (milli joule) per breakdown for five consecutive breakdowns.1.5 Both the metric and the alternative inch-pound units are acceptable.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Using VDE Electrodes

IEC 60296:2003 电工用液体.变压器和开关设备用的未使用过的矿物绝缘油

Covers specifications and test methods for unused mineral insulating oils. It applies to oil delivered to the agreed point and time of delivery, intended for use in transformers, switchgear and similar electrical equipment in which oil is required as an

Fluids for electrotechnical applications - Unused mineral insulating oils for transformers and switchgear

IEC 62021-1:2003 绝缘液体.酸度的测定.第1部分:自动电位测量滴定法

Describes the procedure for the determination of the acidity of unused and used electrical mineral insulating oils. The method may be used to indicate relative changes that occur in a mineral insulating oil during use under oxidizing conditions regardles

Insulating liquids - Determination of acidity - Part 1: Automatic potentiometric titration

SH/T 0725-2002 石油基绝缘油碳型组成计算法

Standard test method for carbon-type composition of insulating oils of petroleum origin

ASTM D6871-03(2008) 电气设施中使用的天然(植物油)酯液体的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers a high fire point natural vegetable oil ester insulating fluid for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus such as transformers and attendant equipment. 1.2 Natural vegetable oil ester insulating fluid differs from conventional mineral oil and other high fire point (or “less-flammable”) fluids in that it is an agricultural product derived from vegetable oils rather than refined from petroleum base stocks or synthesized from organic precursors. 1.3 This specification is intended to define a natural vegetable oil ester electrical insulating fluid that is compatible with typical materials of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in this application. The material described in this specification may not be miscible with some synthetic electrical insulating liquids. The user should contact the manufacturer of the natural ester insulating fluid for guidance in this respect. 1.4 This specification applies only to new insulating fluid as received prior to any processing. The user should contact the manufacturer of the equipment or fluid if questions of recommended characteristics or maintenance procedures arise. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

Standard Specification for Natural (Vegetable Oil) Ester Fluids Used in Electrical Apparatus

ASTM D2140-03 石油制绝缘油的碳类组分的标准试验方法

The primary purpose of this test method is to characterize the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining processes such as hydrotreating, solvent extraction, and so forth. It has secondary application in relating the chemical nature of an oil to other phenomena that have been demonstrated to be related to oil composition. Results obtained by this method are similar to, but not identical with, results obtained from Test Method D 3238. The relationship between the two methods and the equations used in deriving Fig. 1 are discussed in the literature.5 Although this test method tends to give consistent results, it may not compare with direct measurement test methods such as Test Method D 2007.1.1 This test method may be used to determine the carbon-type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and purification procedures. The test method is applicable to oils having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and 0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms. 1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (rI) of the oil are known. Viscosity, density and specific gravity, and refractive index are the only experimental data required for use of this test method. 1.3 This test method is useful for determining the carbon-type composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or uninhibited. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin

ASTM D6181-03 源自石油的矿物绝缘油中混浊度测量的标准试验方法

This test method uses a ratio turbidimetric optical system to measure the turbidity of insulating oils relative to turbidity standards. Cloudiness or turbidity is attributed to matter whose diameter is approximately 20 % of the wavelength of the incident light. Increasing turbidity signifies increasing transformer fluid contamination, either from external sources or internal chemical reactions (such as oxidation) that produce fine particulate matter. Other turbidity sources, such as water droplets or gas bubbles, are not of interest in this evaluation of insulating oils. The elimination of these interferences is described in 6.2 and 6.6. This test method quantifies changes which may not be apparent to the unaided human eye.1.1 This test method covers the laboratory procedure that ascertains the quantity of suspensions in insulating oils of petroleum origin using a nephelometric measurement technique to determine the fluid''s turbidity. This test method is designed to reveal changes that may occur to these oils.1.2 This test method is applicable for turbidities in the range of 0.1 to 500 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Turbidity in Mineral Insulating Oil of Petroleum Origin

ASTM D1698-03 现用的老化绝缘油中沉淀物与可溶性油泥的标准试验方法

Sediment in insulating oil may deposit on transformer parts and interfere with heat transfer and may choke oil ducts; thus hindering oil circulation and heat dissipation. Inorganic sediment usually indicates contamination of some type and organic sediment indicates either deterioration of the oil or contamination. Soluble sludge indicates deterioration of the oil, presence of contaminants, or both. It serves as a warning that formation of sediment may be imminent. The determination of sediment and soluble sludge in a used insulating oil assists in deciding whether the oil may continue to be used in its existing condition or should be replaced, reclaimed, or reconditioned.1.1 This test method covers the determination of sediment and soluble sludge in service-aged insulating oils of petroleum origin. Also, provision is made for determining organic and inorganic content of the sediment. The method is intended primarily for oils of comparatively low viscosity; for example 5.7 to 13.0 cSt (mm178;/s) at 40176;C (104176;F). Suitability for high viscosity oils have not been determined.1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Sediments and Soluble Sludge in Service-Aged Insulating Oils

ASTM D924-03 电绝缘液体的损耗因数(或功率因数)和相对电容率(介电常数)的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers new electrical insulating liquids as well as liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus.1.2 This test method provides a procedure for making referee tests at a commercial frequency of between 45 and 65 Hz.1.3 Where it is desired to make routine determinations requiring less accuracy, certain modifications to this test method are permitted as described in Sections 19 to 27.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warnings are given in 14.4.2.

Standard Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor) and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electrical Insulating Liquids

ASTM D924-03a 电绝缘液体的损耗因数(或功率因数)和相对电容率(介电常数)的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method describes testing of new electrical insulating liquids as well as liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus.1.2 This test method provides a procedure for making referee tests at a commercial frequency of between 45 and 65 Hz.1.3 Where it is desired to make routine determinations requiring less accuracy, certain modifications to this test method are permitted as described in Sections 16 to 24.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warnings are given in 11.3.3.

Standard Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor) and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electrical Insulating Liquids

ASTM D1903-03 爱斯开乐电解液和石油原油热澎涨系数的标准试验方法

Knowledge of the coefficient of thermal expansion of a liquid is essential to compute the required size of a container to accommodate a volume of liquid over the full temperature range to which it will be subjected. It is also used to compute the volume of void space that would exist in an inelastic device filled with the liquid after the liquid has cooled to a lower temperature.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coefficient of thermal expansion of electrical insulating liquids of petroleum origin, and askarels, for use in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, capacitors, and similar apparatus as an insulating or cooling medium, or both, in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, capacitors, or similar apparatus. 1.2 The values given in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin, and Askarels